Advances in Biological Sciences Research

Objective: This study aims to compare the cytotoxicity and adhesion of submicron calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dehydrate (COD) crystals toward African green monkey renal epithelial cells (Vero) to reveal the mechanism of kidney stone formation at cellular level. Methods: The injury effect of...

Based on characteristics of wood crib releasing formaldehyde (CH2O), a physical model, which CH2O releases and diffuses from crib in indoor, is established to simulate the distribution characteristics of CH2O concentration in confined and ventilated indoor. CH2O concentration near crib is larger, and...

Phytochemical and antioxidant activity tests were conducted on ethanol extracts of the trunk, flower and leaf of Senggani (Melastoma candidum D.Don). Each sample was macerated with ethanol, and then it was concentrated with a rotary evaporator. The secondary metabolites of each sample’s phytochemical...

Brek fish production (Systomus orphoides) is thought to be overexploited, recently. Accordingly, to overcome this problem, so, the broodstock male sperm must be preserved. The present study was conducted to investigate the additional soy extract as a supplement to the extender on sperm motility of brek...

This study investigates the abnormal brain structural connectivity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) through a modularization approach. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were collected from 20 MDD patients and 20 age-matched controls. The structural modularity characteristics and their...

Food security consists of four main pillars such as food availability, food access, food utilization, and food stability. Increased food production is the most important factor because it is sufficient to meet everyone’s food needs. Food availability is associated with the modification and efficiency...

The purpose of this study was to determine and show the performance of Brahman Crossbred cattle reared based on the integration of oil palm cattle. The Heifers used in this study were 360 of Brahman crossbred cattle (24 months). The performance of the cattle was observed from postpartum to the age of...

B-vitamins can be used as cofactors in the synthesis process of L-threonine. Concentration of the cofactor can effectively change the activity of specific enzymes and reallocate the distribution of carbon substances in the cells. Theeffects of B-vitamins, including calcium pantothenate (VB5), cobalamin...

The research paper includes the information on the application of nanostructured motherwort extract in the production of fruit jelly candy, which can be used as a therapeutic functional food product. The size of nanostructured motherwort extract was determined by a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)....

Stingless bees are pollinating insects that are important for plants and useful for producing honey. The role of stingless bees as pollinators related to the activity of foraging on flowers. The aim of this study was to measure pollen load and flower constancy of two species stingless bees, Tetragonula...

Animal manure is a renewable natural resource as a biological fertilizer whose quality can be improved through various strategies. Research on fertilization strategies was carried out to get the best level of cow manure-manure compost enriched with various types and inorganic fertilizers doses on growth,...

Hemoglobin contains of heme, which binds iron and protoporphyrin, and globin, which consist of combination of α, β, δ, and γ chain. α-globin globin gene is located in 16p13.3 cytogenetically, and β-globin gene is in 11p15.4. Thalassemia is a blood disorder characterized in the lack or absence of one...

The novelty and superior new varieties of gerbera were required in floriculture industries. There were obtained by hybridization to produce variabilities in genotypic and phenotypic characters. The aim of the study was to describe genetic and phenotypic variabilities of 10 varieties of gerbera from hybridization....

Shallots are one of the vegetable commodities that have important meaning for the community, both in terms of their high economic value and nutritional content. The productivity of shallots in West Nusa Tenggara is still low compared to the production potential of shallots. One of the causes of the low...

The present study purposed for the identification of the effects of histopathology of natural infection of the ciliated protozoa, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on the wild snakehead murrel Channa striata gills, collected from Surabaya River in Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia. This is because I....

In the early years of Zhang Zhongjing, the characteristics and application of fresh herbs were described in detail. Fresh herbs without complex processing, convenient use, wide application, and high curative effect, fresh preserved products than medicinal active ingredient of medicine more, the efficacy...

Recently, herbal ingredients have been utilized as candidate supplements or drugs to increase the resistance of body against diseases caused by viruses. In general, research is focused on plants used as herbal medicine in Indonesia. Sumatran mulberry (Morus macroura var. Macroura) is the native plant...

This study aimed to compare the indigenous strain as a decomposer in the rabbit dung composting. This study was conducted by using a commercial decomposer as a control, Pseudomonas sp. LS3K and Candida sp. LS3T. Before being applied as a decomposer, the growth of Pseudomonas sp. LS3K and Candida sp....

Mitigation effort to reduce methane emissions using plant bioactive compounds has been extensively studied and applied as feed additives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of three leaves mixtures of tannin source (Acacia mangium Willd, Swietenia mahagoni, and Artocarpus heterophyllus)...

Gram staining is one of the important steps to identify bacteria. This type of staining uses synthetic substances safranin and violet crystals which can result in environmental pollution. Rosella flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa) contain natural dyestuffs, namely anthocyanins that have the potential to color...

Sauerkraut (suerkhol) is the result of lactic acid fermentation of chopped white cabbage with a length of about 20 cm and a width of 2 mm to 5 mm. Based on research that has been done successfully isolated 17 lactic acid bacteria isolates from Sauerkaraut. Chili has a unique taste and contains alkaloid...

A novel room temperature gas sensor based on porous In2O3 nanorods was successfully synthesized via a facile reflux method. The In2O3 demonstrates a rod-like shape with a diameter of 10 - 20 nm and a length about 70 - 100 nm, which displays good and uniform size. Studies have shown that the porous In2O3...

This study aims to determine the increase in student cognitive learning outcomes by using the Guided Inquiry learning model assisted by LKPD. The involvement of students in the implementation of the science learning process at SMPN 6 Padangsidimpuan is very lacking. This can be seen from the low average...

Shallot or red onion is one of the horticultural commodities that has good economic value as it is needed for almost every cuisine. The aims of the research were to determine 1) the effect of nitrogen slow-release zeolite-based NZEO-SR fertilizer and elemental Sulfur on the dynamics of soil main nutrients...

Diversity of Fruits in Kutai Kartanegara District, East Kalimantan. The diversity of local and exotic fruits investigated in this study was located in four sub-districts: Samboja, Tenggarong Seberang, Kota Bangun/Muara Wis and Tabang, and Kutai Kartanegara District, ranging from coastal areas to mountainous...

ROR2 is a WNT receptor involved in non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. PRD and IgFLNA domains are functional domains for binding to downstream proteins that lead to cancer development. This study aimed to analyze mutations in the PRD-IgFLNA-ROR2 domain also the role of the WNT5A-ROR2 pathway involved...

Organic waste from porang flour production in the form of calcium oxalate dust from Pilot Plant Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya reaches 400-600 kg per ton porang chips milling. Combined with household and restaurant waste in Malang, which can reach 689 tons per day in organic...

Shallots are a favorite vegetable crop because they are widely used in daily cooking spices. The cultivation of this plant is constrained by the attack of plant pest organisms like Spodoptera exigua. S. exigua causes damage by causing scallions to become hollow and see-through. Alternative control of...

The effect of antibiotics and vitamin-mineral supplements on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CNCM I-1077 (feed additive Lewisel SC Titan Plus for cattle, horses, goats, and sheep) and CNCM I-1079 (feed additive Lewisel SB Titan Plus for poultry, pigs) studied. The yeast contained in the feed additive...

Objective: The chemical compositions and formation mechanisms of different types of gallstones (cholesterol-, pigment-, and mixed-type) were studied. Methods: The components of gallstones were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The contents of cholesterol, bilirubin and bile...

Well-defined PEGylated zwitterionic triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly¬¬¬¬(methacrylic acid)-b-poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) (PEG-b-PMAA-b -PAEMA), was prepar¬e¬d from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(tert-butyl meth acrylate) -b-poly(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)¬¬¬¬ amino ethyl methacrylate)(PEG-b-PtBocMA-b-PtBoc...

This study assessed the participation of women in leadership roles in rural community-based organisations in Gokana local government area of Rivers state. Simple random sampling was used to select 126 respondents for the study while questionnaire complemented with interview schedule was used to collect...

One of the main challenges in livestock sector especially cattle farming in Indonesia which is very crucial is recording system for livestock production that can be valid. A simple way can be a solution for this challenge is used of RFID based digital recording system. This system is utilizing microchips...

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a cereal plant that has high adaptability on marginal coastal soils. Sorghum can be used as a source of food and feed, while high biomass production has the potential to be used as an industrial raw material for bioethanol production. The objective of this research was...

Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) has been known for a long time by the Indonesian people and is used as an ornamental plant, vegetable, food flavoring, and traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the shelf life of the powder of kecombrang flower, stem, and leaves packaged using aluminum foil...

This study aims to determine the use of mangosteen leaf flour on egg weight, egg yolk index and egg yolk color. 100 laying hens were used, with 5 treatments and 5 replications and filled with 4 tails for each replication. The treatment used was as follows as: R0 = Basal diet 100%, R1 = Basal diet 99% + TDM...

One mitochondrial minisatellite locus was used to study cytoplasmic diversity in leaf beet lines SK-5 population from Chongqing, China. The analysis of one mitochondrial minisatellite locus (TR2) was conducted using variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) molecular markers method within 50 single plants...

The publication discusses new data about chemistry and application of thiourea dioxide and its sulfur-containing relatives.

Electricity generation by single-chamber air cathode fuel cells (MFCs) is considerably influenced by power management system(PMS). This study showed that application of PMS connected with a single-chamber air cathode MFC significantly improved its columbic efficiencies (CEs), current, and power output....

[Objective] The goal is to understand the drought tolerance of lettuce and effectively distinguish between cultivars that are drought tolerant and those that are drought sensitive. [Method] This study was performed to evaluate twenty lettuce cultivars for their sensitivity to drought stress induced by...

The aims of this study was to describe of effective of plant morphology practicum guide book was oriented guided inquiry at the third semester of students of Biology Department of IPTS Padangsidimpuan. This type of research is the development of research. The development models used in this study is...

Xystrocera festiva Thoms. (famili Cerambycidae, ordo Coleoptera) classified as the most harmful pest in Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) plantations in Indonesia. The larvae of the pest eat the inner bark and sapwood of the sengon tree since the tree are 3 years old. However, the chemical component(s) of...

The research conducted to investigated the effect of modified palm kernel meal containing α-β-mannanase to replacing corn in the diets based on nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology. Twenty hybrid ducks [(Pekin x Khaki Campbell)] aged 52 days (unsexed) with 1623.3 ± 162.17 g BW were divided...

The storage of ‘perishable’ horticultural products, such as onions (Allium cepa L.), must be equipped with an even air distribution. Uniform airflow in the product stack is important for quality maintenance. However, the air velocity in most of the storage space used in each part of the product stack...

Shallot is widely used in daily life. Its demand tends to increase even though Indonesia is still facing global pandemic due to Covid-19 outbreak. Before processing, its outer layer should be removed. However, it is time and energy consuming. Therefore, a shallot dehuller machine with theoretical capacity...

Coffee is a popular commodity in practically every country, and demand is growing. Coffee processing produces more than 50% by-products, the majority of which is coffee husk (48%). It includes phenolic content and caffeine, as well as antioxidants in the range of 60.25%, making it a potential functional...

The milkfish (Chanos Chanos sp) is one of the flagship products of Banten Province, Indonesia. As the export potential product, the freshness is needed to control its quality. In this study, we investigated the freshness of the fish by combining infra-red spectroscopy. The milkfish was taken directly...

Selaginella intermedia is one of the traditional medicine in East Kalimantan, which use as some traditional medicinal uses. S. intermedia is usually found in the forest floor, especially for this study we obtain from Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda (KRUS) in East Kalimantan. The aim of this study is to inhibit...

One of technology that used for food drying is microwave. The use of microwave drying has resulted in sensory and physical characteristics changes of food. The objective of this article is to review the use of microwave drying on several foodstuff. Microwave drying has a significant difference as compared...

This study aims to determine the substitution of concentrate with corn waste for the productivity of roosters. The material used in this study was male chickens aged 30 days with an average body weight of ± 500 g. The research method used was a field experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD)....

The research aimed to investigate the communication channel and constraint of beef cattle farmers on adoption of artificial insemination technique in ex-transmigrant area, Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatera. The survey method was used that supported by field observation. The population was the farmers...

Indonesia is a country that has 40–50 types of essential oil-producing plants out of a total of 80 types of essential oils that enter the world market. There are several essential oil-producing plants that until now have not been used optimally. However, the extraction method of citronella oil in Indonesia...

The green pigment chlorophyll gives a plant's leaves and stems their color. In addition to being crucial to the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll is also rich in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing compounds. Many green vegetables, especially lettuce, contain chlorophyll. Lots...

A simple and rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of recombinant SUMO-psTnI in E.coli BL21/PET-3C. This method could be used to monitor the target protein during fermentation and purification process. After Sonication in 20mMTris...

Chromium in form of hexavalent had been reported to be genotoxic and carcinogenic, affects some physiological, and reproductive features. The ability of aquatic animals including fish to tolerate chromium may vary according to different developmental stages. Therefore, this research was conducted to...

In practice of power, the unit of domestic time to time has always being dociles target which maintain and perpetuate a power of regime by involving the role of Academical Institutions in the Power/Knowledge Nexus relations. This situation demands transformation in domestic units in any discourse of...

Beauty leaf tree (Calophyllum inophyllum) or locally called capilong is one of the plants which have big potential to be used for biofuel raw material. Indeed, almost all parts of this plant have high economic potential and are currently being used for important industrial raw materials, such as the...

The work was performed in 2019 at the Department of Food Technology of Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov and at the Research Agricultural Institute. Using the Mixolab instrument, the basic parameters of the rheological state of the dough from patent wheat flour, flour from seeds...

Poly-hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) and 1-bromo-3- chloro-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (BCDMH) are widely used for surface disinfection. Here, we examined the bactericidal effects of the mixture of PHMB and BCDMH (named PB) combined in different ratios on S. aureus, and studied effects...

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of skim milk on sperm motility of Brek fish, Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes, 1842) after 48 hours in 4°C. The method in this research is sperm was collected by hand stripping and was diluted by diluent, which consisted of the fish ringer, skim...

The aimed of the study was to determine the effects of shade on peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea) performace as fodder, planted in the farmland exs Merapi volcano eruption. Peanut seeds were planted in Kepuharjo Village, Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This study was carried out two years after the eruption,...

Objectives: To investigate the effects of fasudil (Fas) on myocardial hypertrophy in rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control , transverse aortic constriction (TAC) model, Fas (5mg/kg) plus TAC, TAC plus Fas(20mg/kg), and TAC plus captopril (Cap, positive drug). After administering...

Purposes: Study the changes of cardiac and brain function of exercise related sudden death in rats under over fatigue state and explore the causes of sudden death preliminarily. Methods: Totally 72 male SD rats.7 rats were randomly selected as negative control group. The others were trained continuously...

Caffeine was one of main substance which has contained on coffee. It was popular of drinks in this world. The influence of caffeine on blood sugar level has been became a topic by researchers especially about it would be increase or decrease it. The purposes of this research was to know how the influence...

Supplementation of garlic husk flour and organic minerals (Cr, Se, and Zn-Lysinat) is an effort to manipulate the rumen microbial ecosystem to increase dairy goat feed’s consumption and digestibility value of crude fiber. This research was designed to investigate the effect of supplementation of garlic...

Indonesia has developed ready to eat (RTE) food in several years along the high activities of the consumers and needs of delicious, fast, and nutritious foods. One of the popular RTE foods in Indonesia is meatball. The common seasoning used in the RTE meatballs is monosodium glutamate (MSG). However,...

The application of ergonomics in the halal-certified food processing industry is part of the improvement of the production process to produce comfortable and safe working conditions. This working condition can be improved when various human-related problems have been identified using 8 aspects of ergonomics....

Ulu Masen ecosystem (738,000 ha) of the Aceh Province is one of the last vast wildernesses in South East Asia. IUCN categorized areas under Category VI as protected areas, primarily due to their unique cultural values and traditional natural resources management practices. It is home to the Critically...

Cross-breeding between Peranakan Ongole (PO) and exotic breed are increasingly by smallholder farmer to obtain productivity improvement. Uncontrolled cross-breeding can be a threat to the existence of PO as local cattle in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the reasons behind cross-breeding breed...

This study aims to try and examine the potential utilization of mushroom baglog waste into block compost, with research parameters namely consistency, hardness, water absorption, pH value and Electrical Conductivity. The materials used are baglog waste, granulated sugar, EM4, and water. Before being...

This feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of three kinds of plant seeds as fatty acids source on in vitro nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and physical evaluation of meat of broiler. Two hundred broiler chicks were assigned to 4 dietary treatments for 5 weeks. The birds were...

The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms of action and determine the effectiveness of the use of probiotic fodder additives «Amilocin» in the production of food eggs. In the course of the experiments, we found that the introduction of «Amilocin» supplement with water to laying hens of the cross...

The use of microbial strains with plant growth promoting (PGP) properties is advisable as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers to improve soil fertility and crop yields. The present study identify 12 specific microbial isolates (7 bacterial and 5 fungal isolates) to have PGP activity viz....

The solid residue from purple sweet potato (PSP) starch has a high enough dietary fiber and can be processed into fiber rich flour. In this study, biscuits were made from flour, starch and fiber rich flour from PSP in a ratio of 75: 5: 20. The resulting biscuits were then tested for their hypocholesterolemic...

Preservation of agricultural products is needed to extend shelf life and maintain quality. One of the preservation methods that can be used is High-Pressure Processing (HPP). This article aims to review the effect of implementing HPP on milk, meat, fruit, and vegetable. The results of the review showed...

The high fiber content in forage causes nutrients challenging to digest. Pellet technology breaks down the cell wall and increases the soluble fiber fraction. This study aims to determine the effect of using water spinach on the durability and hardness of pellets. The study was designed using a completely...

Diabetes mellitus. is ai global metabolici disease with high morbidity and imortality rates. Many diabetes patients have difficulties lowering their blood glucose levels although they are taking anti-diabetes drugs. Flower of Asian pigeon wings (Clitoria ternatea L) contains flavonoid, anthocyanin, compounds...

A PM2.5 concentration prediction approach using data-driven model is proposed in this paper, which uses support vector machine regression (SVR) and SVR combined with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) respectively. The forecast results have a certain advantageous by comparing PSO-SVR prediction model...

Rubus coreanus is endemically distributed in Southwest China and has great potential for Rubus breeding due to its nutritional values and insects and pests' resistance. LEAFY, as a single copy nuclear gene in diploid plants, plays an important role in the taxonomy and phylogeny, containing three exons...

Based on the observations at class X students and teachers of SMA Negeri 1 Rengat indicate that the teaching materials used in learning biology have several shortcomings such as language that is difficult to understand, topics and assessment instruments that are not in accordance with the indicators...

Melon is an important commodity in Indonesia and still dominated by imported melons such as Action 434 and Sun Lady. The ‘Kinaya’ cultivar is a crossbreed between ‘Kinanti’ and ‘Sonya’ cultivars. The development of ‘Kinaya’ cultivar as indonesian superior local melon is needed to improve the quality...

The drying of fruits such as freeze-dried strawberries is an alternative to increase the added value of fresh strawberries, extend shelf life, have properties like fresh fruit, and have made it possible for consumers to be able to consume during all seasons. This study was aimed at examining the chemical...

High community activity can cause water pollution by heavy metals that are very dangerous for living things. Copper (Cu) is one of the heavy metals that has a very detrimental effect on biotic components, copper is toxic to all plants at a solution concentration above 0.1 ppm. Biosorption is the absorption...

Low light stress causes a variety of changes in morphology, anatomy, and phenology, these changes are intended to capture more photons in low light. This study consists of two experiments, the aim (1) this study was to investigate morphology, anatomy, and phenology characters of shade-loving tomato genotypes...

A novel approach was developed to synthesize polymerizable vinyl group functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with high aqueous dispersion stability. Firstly, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation method. Then, azide-functional Fe3O4 nanoparticles were obtained by a two-step...

In this paper, we studied the antimicrobial activity of callus tissue Salvia pratensis L. obtained in vitro against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The most effective sterilizing agents for disinfection of plant explants with their introduction into in vitro culture were selected. The composition...

Mosquitoes are known as insects that interfere with comfort. Mosquitoes are also known as vectors or transmitters of several types of dangerous and deadly diseases for humans, one of which is dengue fever. Therefore, an alternative is needed to reduce this species. The alternative that can be done is...

Jengkol (Archidendron jiringa) peel is potential crude fiber source for ruminant feed. Jengkol peel had higher fiber content (33.07-35.28%) than Native grass (29.65%), Pennisetum purpureum (31.29%), Brachiaria decumbens (30.55%), Pennisetum purpupoides (32.23%), and almost similar with Brachiaria humidicola...

Fish is well-known to be nutritious as it contains high quality protein, all types of essential amino acids, including lysine amino acids. Milkfish (Chanos-chanos forsk), known as ikan bandeng in Indonesian language, contains high rate of lysine amino acids, approximately 20% of its whole content of...

The change of paradigm in forest product management brought out the Forestry Minister’s Regulation Number P.35/Menhut-II/2007, concerned Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Some genus Cinnamomum included in the list of NTFPs, and Cinnamomum camphora (camphor) is one species. The recorded data mentioned...

Post-harvest loss posed a challenge for Nigeria’s agricultural sector. Post-harvest losses in the production of Nsukka-yellow pepper may result from inadequate handling, poor harvesting methods, pests, and microbial infestation, among other things. As a result, the study determined the post-harvest losses...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of service quality on satisfaction and loyalty of costomuer at Gold Food’s Meat Shop during the pandemic of corona virus-19 (COVID 19) located in West Imogiri Street, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Total of 70 respondents, who bought meat at Gold Food’s Meat...

The aim of this study was to examine the potential of ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.), betel (Piper betle L.), moringa (Moringa oliefera L.) and patchouli (Pegostemon patchouli Pellet) oil waste as a phytogenic feed additive to replace Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) and their effect on broiler performance....

Nutrition is an important factor in the health of pregnant women, because inadequate nutritional intake will affect fetal development. Efforts to overcome the nutritional deficiency of pregnant women are by providing additional food, namely cereal drinks. Cereal drink is a ready-to-eat product consisting...

One of the canters for cassava cultivation in Bogor Regency is Sukaraja District. Farmers in this area have been growing cassava several decades ago. This survey aims to determine the characteristics of cassava farmers, cultivation methods, knowledge and attitudes and perceptions of farmers with the...

Due to the fast development of electronic waste and the gradually deficient of the modern resources, the environment is deteriorated seriously. Thus, the recycling and utilizing of electronic waste becomes an important research area in modern scientists. In the present paper, the authors employ H2SO4...

Fruit is very perishable in the storage process and has short of shelf-life. To extend the shelf life, fruits need preservation process. Drying is generally acknowledged as a cost-effective and commonly used technique for preserving food by reducing post-harvest losses. The major challenge of drying...

Ficus tikoua is one of a special species in genus Ficus, Moraceae, which characterized by its creeping vine structures. Generally, there are two different types of plants in the species: the commonly mistakenly known 'Male Ficus' which is edible, and the other hypothetical 'Female Ficus', which are not...

In the learning practice process is guided to think scientifically while the guide is used has not directed students to think scientifically, the demands of scientific thinking are expected to improve student achievement. Therefore it is necessary to develop a practicum guide to overcome these problems,...

Brown sugar is commonly made with palm sap (Arenga pinnata sap) as its primary raw source. The punic (first time the branch was tapped) of a palm tree was tapped in this study to test the effectiveness of kayu purut (Dysoxylum parasiticum) stems as a natural preservative (antimicrobial). The study involved...