Introduction: For the adult circulation, several models exist, describing pressures and flows throughout the arterial system. Such models allow studying the effect on hemodynamics of physiological and pathophysiological changes in the vasculature. Here we present a model encompassing the full range from neonatal to adult dimensions during normal growth (Figure, left).

Methods: The arterial system was modeled by 121 segments characterized by length, radius, wall thickness, viscoelastic wall properties and blood viscosity. The most distal segments ended in three element Windkessels. All parameters were adapted as a function of age as prescribed by body length and weight.

Results: Pressures and flows were calculated as a function of age at several sites along the arterial tree. Central to peripheral transfer functions are given. Our results indicate that peripheral pressure in younger subjects resembles central pressure (Figure, right). Furthermore, total arterial compliance, inertance and impedance are calculated. Findings indicate that for all ages the arterial tree can be simulated by using a three element Windkessel.

Conclusions: The arterial system was modeled from newborn to full-grown. The results bear clinical significance for the interpretation of peripherally measured pressure in younger and older subjects, the transfer to central pressure, and for the use of a Windkessel model for determining flow from pressure.