Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for a Sustainable Future (ISSF 2026)

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Design of Contract Participation Factor based ALFC with Generator Rate Constraints

Authors
J. Madhavan1, *, M. Devesh Raj2
1Senior Lecturer, Dept of EEE, Kurinje Polytechnic College, Cuddalore Main Rd, Kurinjipadi, Tamilnadu, India, 607302
2Associate Professor, Dept of EEE, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamilnadu, India, 603110
*Corresponding author. Email: madhavanphd2023@gmail.com
Corresponding Author
J. Madhavan
Available Online 16 June 2026.
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-693-7_70How to use a DOI?
Keywords
Contract Participation Factor (CPF); Generational Rate Constraints (GRC); Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller; Dynamic performance
Abstract

The increasing requirement for the distribution of renewable energy sources into the current power system is causing increased challenges with regards to system stability, specifically frequency response. Current Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) methods developed for a centralized power system do not sufficiently meet the challenges of power system deregulation and the dynamic characteristics of renewable generation. This paper is focused on the development and implementation of an ALFC for a Contract Participation Factor (CPF) based power system with Generation Rate Constraints (GRC) through mathematical modeling of power system blocks. To ensure stable operation is maintained for the power systems, a control methodology is developed so that an equilibrium between generation and demand is maintained while minimizing the frequency deviation of the system. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is utilized for control actions, while optimizing the controller parameters, so therefore the control design provides improved dynamic performance and frequency stability through better transient response of the generation resource mix.

Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Volume Title
Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for a Sustainable Future (ISSF 2026)
Series
Atlantis Highlights in Intelligent Systems
Publication Date
16 June 2026
ISBN
978-94-6239-693-7
ISSN
2589-4919
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-693-7_70How to use a DOI?
Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article

risenwbib
TY  - CONF
AU  - J. Madhavan
AU  - M. Devesh Raj
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/16
TI  - Design of Contract Participation Factor based ALFC with Generator Rate Constraints
BT  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for a Sustainable Future (ISSF 2026)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 709
EP  - 716
SN  - 2589-4919
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-693-7_70
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-693-7_70
ID  - Madhavan2026
ER  -