Enhancing PAM-4 Modulation with Zigzag Constellation and Variable Extinction Ratios Using Microring Modulators

Satyabrata Singha; Nitish Sinha; Srikanta Das; Bishanka Brata Bhowmik; P. Vedavalli; G. Surendar Reddy

doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-876-9_6

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Enhancing PAM-4 Modulation with Zigzag Constellation and Variable Extinction Ratios Using Microring Modulators

Authors

Satyabrata Singha¹^{, *}, Nitish Sinha², Srikanta Das², Bishanka Brata Bhowmik², P. Vedavalli¹, G. Surendar Reddy¹

¹Bharat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Telangana, India

²Tripura University (A Central University), Tripura, India

^*Corresponding author. Email: satya.singha93@gmail.com

Corresponding Author

Satyabrata Singha

Available Online 23 October 2025.

DOI: 10.2991/978-94-6463-876-9_6 How to use a DOI?
Keywords: PAM-4; microring modulator; QPSK; Bit error rate; modulation schemes
Abstract: This article presents the design of a PAM-4 modulator using a microring modulator. The modulator employs a zigzag-patterned constellation to utilize both amplitude and phase information, which improves the signal recovery when amplitude-modulated data cannot be recovered due to noise. The article also describes the use of variable extinction ratios to improve the eye closure effect caused by non-linearity. The article analyzes eye data and BER under both fixed and variable extinction ratio conditions at different fiber lengths. The results show that the use of variable extinction ratios can effectively improve the eye closure effect and signal recovery in the presence of high noise.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Open Access: Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Volume Title: Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Science and Technology for Tomorrow (SciTech 2024)
Series: Atlantis Advances in Applied Sciences
Publication Date: 23 October 2025
ISBN: 978-94-6463-876-9
ISSN: 3091-4442
DOI: 10.2991/978-94-6463-876-9_6 How to use a DOI?
Open Access: Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article

ris enw bib

TY  - CONF
AU  - Satyabrata Singha
AU  - Nitish Sinha
AU  - Srikanta Das
AU  - Bishanka Brata Bhowmik
AU  - P. Vedavalli
AU  - G. Surendar Reddy
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/10/23
TI  - Enhancing PAM-4 Modulation with Zigzag Constellation and Variable Extinction Ratios Using Microring Modulators
BT  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Science and Technology for Tomorrow (SciTech 2024)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 58
EP  - 68
SN  - 3091-4442
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-876-9_6
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6463-876-9_6
ID  - Singha2025
ER  -

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