The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the work style, with an increasing number of companies introducing homeworking. However, there are concerns about decreasing communication between workers and their supervisors, which increases stress and fatigue in workers. Efforts are being made to incorporate virtual...

Vibration patterns or tactile patterns are widely used as user interfaces to alert users about messages from mobile devices. Previous studies suggested that elderly users can understand the meanings of up to three vibration patterns. However, if a vibration pattern evokes a sensory image or emotion,...