Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of 50 Patients with Surgically Treated Cystic Echinococcosis from Basrah Province, Iraq
- DOI
- 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.08.101How to use a DOI?
- Keywords
- Cystic echinococcosis; hydatid disease; Iraq
- Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is recognised worldwide as a neglected disease of public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this study were to describe, using a questionnaire survey, the characteristics, attitudes, knowledge, and practices of patients with CE from Basrah Province, Iraq. We interviewed 50 patients, 31 female and 19 male, of whom, 74% originated from rural areas. Approximately half (48%) of the participants reported slaughtering livestock at home for their families’ consumption; 78% indicated the presence of a large number of stray dogs roaming freely about their village; 86% reported that they never boiled water prior to drinking it; and 26% reported not washing vegetables prior to eating them. Although a large proportion of the participants (72%) had heard of hydatid disease prior to becoming ill, over half (57%) were not aware how the disease was transmitted from animals to humans. This study highlighted a gap in health education efforts regarding CE in Southern Iraq, with a lack of counselling of patients on how to prevent reinfection. An intensive control programme should be implemented and founded on health education to reduce CE disease in Basrah.
- Copyright
- © 2018 Atlantis Press International B.V.
- Open Access
- This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/).
1. INTRODUCTION
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected disease of public health significance worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries [1]. The disease is caused by a tapeworm belonging to the genus Echinococcus that is transmitted between carnivores (dogs and wolves: the definitive hosts) and primarily livestock (the intermediate hosts). Humans accidentally acquire the infection usually through consuming food or water contaminated with eggs shed by the definitive host [2]. Once ingested by an intermediate host, the eggs hatch in the small intestine, releasing oncospheres that penetrate the intestinal wall and circulate in the bloodstream to finally lodge in a vital organ where the cysts slowly grow over a period of several years [3]. Approximately 70% of cysts in humans are found in the liver and 20% in the lungs [4,5].
The highest prevalence of CE in humans is typically found in sheep-raising rural communities, as sheep are considered the most important intermediate host. In addition, the emergence of human echinococcosis may be attributed to a change in the local ecology and increasing urbanisation, resulting in exposure of people to infected dogs [6,7]. Several studies have highlighted the role of sociodemographic characteristics, including age, gender, occupation, and level of education, as important factors in the transmission of echinococcosis to humans [8–10].
In Iraq, CE is regarded as a major public health concern [11]. The highest numbers of human cases have been reported in the provinces of Central and Southern Iraq including Basrah, Nasiriyah, and Muthana [12–14]. In our recent research, we reviewed hospitalisation records from Basrah from January 2005 to December 2015, and estimated an annual clinical incidence of CE of 4.5 cases per 100,000 people [15]. In general, treatment of echinococcosis in humans is costly and complicated and needs prolonged postoperative health care [16]. Hence, it is important to ensure that people living in endemic communities receive appropriate health education on how to protect themselves from infection. Understanding the level of knowledge and awareness of the disease in previously infected individuals is an important step in identifying potential gaps in knowledge prior to developing health education programmes. In an endemic setting, such as in Iraq, failure to understand these gaps results in an increased burden on the public health system. The objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics, attitudes, knowledge, and practices of a cohort of patients who had undergone surgery as a result of CE in Basrah, Iraq.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study Setting
Basrah is the third largest province in Iraq and lies in the south of the country, bordering Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The human population in Basrah was estimated at 2.4 million in 2014, with 20.1% of this being rural [17]. The province contains almost 140,000 livestock (data obtained from the Veterinary Hospital of Basrah, Ministry of Agriculture, based on the last census of livestock conducted in Basrah in 2015). In Basrah, there are six hospitals (five public and one private) that have facilities and skilled surgeons to operate on human cases of CE.
2.2. Case Recruitment and Questionnaire Administration
This research was approved by the Human Ethics Review Committee of Murdoch University, Perth, Australia (Permission number: 2016/034). Official written approval to review hospital records and to contact patients was obtained from the Ministry of Health in Iraq and from the Basrah Health Directorate. Of six hospitals in Basrah from which previous incidence data had been collected [15], four gave permission to interview hospitalised patients with CE after surgical intervention, or to contact patients who had undergone surgery between 2014 and 2016. The hospitals were visited four times a week from May to July 2016, and 19 current patients were recruited. A further 31 discharged patients were also approached and they agreed to participate. A questionnaire was administered either at the hospital (face-to-face) for the 19 current patients or via telephone interview for the 31 discharged patients. Prior to administering the questionnaire, a verbal explanation of the study was given and oral consent was obtained from all participants. The parents/guardians of two female patients (aged 4 and 10 years) were interviewed on behalf of the children. The questionnaire contained 30 questions and focused on demographic characteristics of the patients and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to CE. The questionnaire, which included both closed and open-ended questions, was developed in English and then translated and delivered in Arabic by native speakers. A copy of the questionnaire can be obtained from the corresponding author.
2.3. Data Analysis
Questionnaire data were entered into a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel, 2013) and descriptive analyses were undertaken using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). The frequencies, percentages, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for responses were calculated.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Anatomical Distribution of Cysts in the Surveyed Patients
Sixty cysts were surgically excised from the 50 participants with 31 (51.7%) in the liver and 17 (28.3%) in the lungs (Table 1). There was no significant difference in the location of cysts between women and men. Most patients (82%) only had one organ affected, 16% had cysts in two organs, and only one patient had three organs affected.
| Female | Male | Total (%) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organs involved | 0.97 | |||
| Lung | 10 (25.6)a | 7 (33.3)a | 17 (28.3) | |
| Liver | 18 (46.1)a | 13 (61.9)a | 31 (51.7) | |
| Urinary bladder | 1 (2.5) | 1 (4.7) | 2 (3.3) | |
| Spleen | 4 (10.2)a | 0 | 4 (6.7) | |
| Kidney | 2 (5.1)a | 0 | 2 (3.3) | |
| Ovary | 2 (5.1) | 0 | 2 (3.3) | |
| Pancreas | 1 (2.5) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | |
| Intestine | 1 (2.5) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | |
| Total | 39 (65.0) | 21 (35.0) | 60 | |
| Number of organs affected in patients | 0.38 | |||
| 1 | 24 (77.4) | 17 (89.4) | 41 (82.0) | |
| 2 | 6 (19.3) | 2 (10.5) | 8 (16.0) | |
| 3 | 1 (3.2) | 0 | 1 (2.0) | |
| Total | 31 (62.0) | 19 (38.0) | 50 | |
As some patients had more than one organ affected, the total number of organs involved was >50.
Anatomical sites of hydatid cysts as reported by 50 patients
3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Patients with CE
The age of patients with CE ranged from 4 to 72 years (median: 39.5 years, standard deviation: 14.8 years) (Table 2). About 10% of the patients reported having another family member (not surveyed) also diagnosed with CE. Thirty-seven (74%) patients originated from a rural area, 42% had only obtained a primary school level of education, and 24% had never been to school. Approximately half (54%) of the patients (87% of female patients) undertook domestic duties, 16% of all patients were farmers (42% of male patients), and 12% were unemployed.
| Variables | Category | n | Percentage (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 31 | 62 (47.2–75.3) | 0.22 |
| Male | 19 | 38 (24.7–55.8) | ||
| Age of patients (y) | <10 | 2 | 4 (0.5–13.7) | 0.99 |
| 11–20 | 5 | 10 (3.3–21.8) | ||
| 21–30 | 10 | 20 (10.0–33.7) | ||
| 31–40 | 10 | 20 (10.0–33.7) | ||
| 41–50 | 14 | 28 (16.2–42.5) | ||
| 51–60 | 6 | 12 (4.5–24.3) | ||
| >61 | 3 | 6 (1.3–16.5) | ||
| Has any other member in your family been diagnosed with CE? | Yes | 5 | 10 (3.3–21.8) | 1.27 |
| No | 45 | 90 (78.2–96.7) | ||
| Location | Rural | 37 | 74 (59.7–85.4) | 0.01 |
| Urban | 13 | 26 (14.6–40.3) | ||
| Education level | Never went to school | 12 | 24 (13.1–38.2) | 1.00 |
| Literacy class only | 5 | 10 (3.3–21.8) | ||
| Primary | 21 | 42 (28.2–56.8) | ||
| Secondary | 10 | 20 (10.0–33.7) | ||
| College | 2 | 4 (0.5–13.7) | ||
| Occupation | Public servant | 2 | 4 (0.5–13.7) | 0.99 |
| Farmer | 8 | 16 (7.2–29.1) | ||
| Housewife | 27 | 54 (39.3–68.2) | ||
| Student | 2 | 4 (0.5–13.7) | ||
| Unemployed | 6 | 12 (4.5–24.3) | ||
| Other | 5 | 10 (3.3–21.8) |
CE, cystic echinococcosis; CI, confidence interval.
Sociodemographic characteristics of 50 patients with CE in Basrah Province, Iraq
3.3. Practices Adopted by Patients with CE
Table 3 summarises the practices adopted by patients with CE. Twenty (40%) of the surveyed patients owned one or more dogs. Of these, six reported allowing their dogs to roam freely, while five reported tying up their dogs within 50 m of their house. About 40% of dog owners never allowed their dog access to the kitchen or food preparation area, and 50% never allowed their dog access to water storage containers. About 60% of dog owners reported feeding raw offal to their dogs.
| Questions | Response categories | n | Percentage (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Do you own a dog? | Yes | 20 | 40 (26.4–54.8) | 0.31 |
| No | 30 | 60 (45.2–73.6) | ||
| If you own a dog, is it tied up? | Yes | 6 | 30 (11.9–54.3) | 0.19 |
| No | 14 | 70 (45.7–88.1) | ||
| If the dog is tied up, where is it tied up? | Far (>50 m) from my dwelling | 1 | 16.7 (0.4–64.1) | 0.22 |
| Near (<50 m) to my dwelling | 5 | 83.3 (53.9–99.6) | ||
| Does your dog have access to the kitchen area/food preparation area? | Never | 8 | 40 (19.1–63.9) | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 2 | 10 (1.2–31.7) | ||
| Sometimes | 6 | 30 (11.9–54.3) | ||
| Often | 2 | 10 (1.2–31.7) | ||
| Always | 2 | 10 (1.2–31.7) | ||
| Does your dog have access to containers used to store human drinking water? | Never | 10 | 50 (27.2–72.8) | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 2 | 10 (1.2–31.7) | ||
| Sometimes | 7 | 35 (15.4–59.2) | ||
| Often | 1 | 5.0 (0.1–24.9) | ||
| Always | 0 | 0.0 (0.9–16.8) | ||
| How often do you feed your dog raw offal (e.g., liver or lung)? | Never | 8 | 40 (19.1–63.9) | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 1 | 5 (0.1–24.9) | ||
| Sometimes | 5 | 25 (8.7–49.1) | ||
| Often | 4 | 20 (5.7–43.7) | ||
| Always | 2 | 10 (1.2–31.7) | ||
| Have you seen stray dogs in your neighbourhood over the last week? | Yes | 39 | 78 (64.0–88.5) | 0.03 |
| No | 11 | 22 (11.5–36.0) | ||
| Do you own livestock? | Yes | 22 | 44 (30.0–58.7) | 0.54 |
| No | 28 | 56 (41.3–70.0) | ||
| Do you slaughter livestock at your home? | Yes | 24 | 48 (33.7–62.6) | 0.84 |
| No | 26 | 52 (37.4–66.3) | ||
| Do you always call an inspector (vet or meat inspector) if there is a cyst in the slaughtered carcass? | Yes | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–14.3) | 6.33 |
| No | 24 | 48 (27.4–69.1) | ||
| What is the main source of family drinking water? | Reverse osmosis | 36 | 72 (57.5–83.8) | 0.01 |
| Tanker | 9 | 18 (8.6–31.4) | ||
| Tap water | 4 | 8 (2.2–19.2) | ||
| Well | 1 | 2 (0.1–10.6) | ||
| Do you boil water before drinking it? | Never | 43 | 86 (73.3–94.2) | 0.02 |
| Some of the time | 4 | 8 (2.2–19.2) | ||
| Most of the time | 2 | 4 (0.5–13.7) | ||
| All the time | 1 | 2 (0.1–10.6) | ||
| How is your family’s drinking water stored? | Stored in covered containers | 45 | 90 (78.2–96.7) | 1.27 |
| Stored in uncovered containers | 5 | 10 (3.3–21.8) | ||
| How often do you eat leafy vegetables without first washing them? | Never | 13 | 26 (14.6–40.3) | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 4 | 8 (2.2–19.2) | ||
| Sometimes | 20 | 40 (26.4–54.8) | ||
| Often | 4 | 8 (2.2–19.2) | ||
| Always | 9 | 18 (8.6–31.4) | ||
| For lettuce and other leafy vegetables, how would you prepare them as part of your salad? | Wash it under running water only | 36 | 72 (57.5–83.8) | 0.01 |
| Soak in water in the sink | 10 | 20 (10.0–33.7) | ||
| Wash it with detergent | 3 | 6 (1.3–16.5) | ||
| Peel outer leaves and eat the rest | 1 | 2 (0.1–10.6) |
CI, confidence interval.
Patient practices toward cystic echinococcosis in Basrah Province, Iraq
The majority of patients (78%) reported the presence of a large number of dogs roaming freely about their village. Approximately half (48%) of the participants had slaughtered livestock at home, and no one had contacted a veterinarian when they had observed/detected a cyst or lesion characteristic of CE in the viscera of the slaughtered animals. The majority (86%) of the participants reported that they never boiled water prior to drinking it; however, most participants (90%) did store their water in covered containers. Twenty-six participants never washed vegetables prior to eating them, 8% rarely washed vegetables, and 40% reported that they sometimes washed vegetables.
3.4. Knowledge and Attitudes of Patients with CE
Patients’ knowledge about hydatid cysts and their attitudes toward handling potentially infected organs of slaughtered animals are outlined in Table 4. The majority of participants (72%) had not heard about hydatid cysts prior to surgery, and 57% were not aware how the disease was transmitted. Most patients (70%) reported that they had not received any information on how they may have become infected with CE. Furthermore, 86% of patients reported that they had not received any advice on methods to prevent reinfection by hydatid cysts from medical staff at the hospital where they were operated upon.
| Variables | Category | n | Percentage (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before getting sick, had you heard about cystic echinococcosis or hydatid cyst disease? | Yes | 14 | 28 (16.2–42.5) | 0.02 |
| No | 36 | 72 (57.5–83.8) | ||
| How do you believe cystic echinococcosis or hydatid cyst disease can be caught? | Not sure | 8 | 57 (28.9–82.3) | 0.11 |
| Dog | 1 | 7.14 (0.2–33.9) | ||
| Food | 4 | 28.57 (8.4–58.1) | ||
| Water | 1 | 7.14 (0.2–33.9) | ||
| Did your doctor, nurse, or other medical staff explain how you became infected with a hydatid cyst? | Yes | 15 | 30 (17.9–44.9) | 0.04 |
| No | 35 | 70 (55.4–82.1) | ||
| Did your doctor, nurse, or other medical staff explain ways of how to protect yourself from further infection? | Yes | 7 | 14 (5.8–26.7) | 0.01 |
| No | 43 | 86 (73.3–94.2) | ||
| Would you feed organs not suitable for human consumption to your dog? | Would definitely consider doing it | 10 | 50 (27.2–72.8) | 0.46 |
| Might consider doing it | 7 | 35 (15.4–59.2) | ||
| Would definitely not do it | 3 | 15 (3.2–37.9) | ||
| Would you throw organs not suitable for human consumption into a communal open rubbish area? | Would definitely consider doing it | 13 | 54.17 (32.8–74.4) | 0.08 |
| Might consider doing it | 9 | 37.50 (18.8–59.4) | ||
| Would definitely not do it | 2 | 8.33 (1.0–27.0) | ||
| Would you burn organs not suitable for human consumption? | Would definitely consider doing it | 1 | 4.17 (0.1–21.1) | 0.02 |
| Might consider doing it | 9 | 37.50 (18.8–59.4) | ||
| Would definitely not do it | 14 | 58.33 (36.6–77.9) | ||
| Would you bury organs not suitable for human consumption? | Would definitely consider doing it | 2 | 8.33 (1.0–27.0) | 0.07 |
| Might consider doing it | 8 | 33.33 (15.6–55.3) | ||
| Would definitely not do it | 14 | 58.33 (36.6–77.9) |
CI, confidence interval.
Knowledge and attitudes of patients infected with cystic echinococcosis in Basrah Province, Iraq
Half of the participants (50%) who detected organs that were unsuitable for human consumption in livestock that they slaughtered would consider feeding those affected organs to their dogs. Similarly, 54% of the respondents would consider throwing organs unsuitable for human consumption into their uncovered domestic garbage. Over half of the participants would definitely not burn affected organs, and around 60% would not bury any organs that were considered unsuitable for human consumption.
4. DISCUSSION
The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine sociodemographic characteristics, household practices, and attitudes in 50 patients with CE. Among the patients with CE enrolled in this study, cysts were most commonly reported in the liver and lungs, as reported previously [18].
In this study, 62% of patients were female. Women may be more frequently exposed to the infection than men due to being involved with activities such as feeding dogs and preparing food for the family. A higher occurrence of CE in women has similarly been reported in other countries including Jordan, Tunisia, and Iran [19–21].
In this survey, 40% of the patients affected with CE owned one or more dogs, and of these, 60% reported feeding them raw offal. The close association of people with dogs, combined with feeding offal, enhances the likelihood of transmission of this zoonotic tapeworm along with environmental contamination [22,23].
The majority of patients (78%) reported the presence of large numbers of dogs roaming freely in their village. Stray or free-roaming dogs are considered a major source of CE for humans [24]. A study conducted by Buishia et al. [25] in Tripoli, Libya reported that 25.8% of stray dogs had Echinococcus granulosus, primarily arising from access to offal and scavenging from dead animals. It is important that the veterinary services in Basrah undertake steps to reduce the number of stray dogs that constitute a major public health concern, not only for echinococcosis but other zoonotic diseases such as rabies and toxocariasis [26,27]. A control programme should also be developed and implemented involving dosing domestic and stray dogs with anthelmintics containing praziquantel. In Western China, monthly dosing of stray dogs over a 4-year period with praziquantel resulted in a reduction in the prevalence of infected dogs from 18.6% to 0% [28].
Around 50% of the participants reported slaughtering animals at home for household consumption. Other regional studies have highlighted the common practice of slaughtering animals by householders in or near their homes [10,29]. However slaughtering animals in an abattoir, under the supervision of a veterinarian, reduces the opportunity for the completion of the Echinococcus life cycle, through ensuring appropriate disposal of affected offal [30], as well as reducing exposure of humans to other zoonotic pathogens [31].
Although 86% of the participants reported that they never boiled water prior to drinking it, 90% did store water in covered containers. Keeping water safe and away from free-roaming dogs would help reduce the potential transmission of disease [32]. Studies in Jordan [33] and Kenya [34] established that contaminated drinking water was a risk factor for human CE, and detected Echinococcus eggs in water used by both people and livestock. Consequently, treatment of water prior to drinking is an important process to minimise the risk of disease transmission.
In this study, 26% of participants never washed vegetables prior to consumption. A similar study in Jordan involving 55 patients infected with CE, revealed that, in addition to contact with animals through their occupation, many also consumed raw vegetables [35]. Eating unwashed vegetables is a risky practice that potentially increases exposure to Echinococcus, as well as other canine zoonotic diseases [36,37]. A study in Turkey identified a variety of canine parasite eggs on unwashed vegetables, including Taenia spp. (3.5%), Toxocara spp. (1.5%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (1.0%) [38]. Low level of awareness and less knowledge about eating unwashed vegetables are considered to be important factors for acquisition of CE in humans [39].
Survival of eggs from Echinococcus for nearly 41 months in an arid climate under ideal environmental conditions [40], the high prevalence of infection in dogs [41], and the large free-roaming dog population, mean that it is critical that the general public is made aware of the risk of echinococcosis from the consumption of potentially contaminated food or water.
It is not surprising that nearly all (72%) participants in the current study had not heard of CE, but it was of concern that 57% do not know the mode of transmission of hydatid cysts, even after surgery for the condition. This is consistent with the results of other questionnaire surveys that have been conducted in Libya and Morocco [25,42], which found that most respondents have limited to no knowledge about echinococcosis and how it is transmitted. Currently, there is no control programme for echinococcosis or educational campaign in Basrah, which puts the community at a disadvantage regarding this important health issue.
The current study found that most participants followed poor practices concerning the disposal of offal unsuitable for human consumption. Offal from slaughtered livestock that is unsuitable for human consumption needs to be disposed of by burning, burying, or rendering to break the life cycle of Echinococcus [43,44]. Unfortunately, few respondents were aware of the risks associated with dogs and other carnivores having access to raw offal and how the latter can be involved in the transmission of Echinococcus. This outcome is similar to that reported in a survey of communities in Jordan, where waste from slaughtered animals was disposed in a manner allowing it to be accessed and eaten by domestic or stray dogs [36].
It is necessary for the Health Department of Basrah, in collaboration with the veterinary authorities, to develop and implement educational programmes on echinococcosis for farmers, pet owners, and the general public. Such programmes should provide information on the following: the need for regular deworming of dogs; improved hygiene for food preparation; slaughtering animals at their homes, including strict guidelines on how to dispose of infected offal; the life cycle of Echinococcus and how to stop it developing; and practices to minimise infection from dogs.
5. CONCLUSION
A questionnaire was administered to 50 patients with CE in Basrah, Iraq. Many patients owned dogs and there were large numbers of free-roaming dogs reported in the vicinity. Animals were slaughtered for consumption at many of the patients’ homes. Few participants washed vegetables prior to eating them; understood how echinococcosis was transmitted to humans; or disposed of affected offal in a safe manner. It is strongly recommended that a control programme for CE is implemented to reduce the disease in humans, livestock, and dogs, and an educational campaign developed for the general public to reduce the incidence of this preventable disease.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Department of Health in Basrah for providing access to their records and the survey participants who completed the questionnaire. We would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education in Iraq through a Ph.D. scholarship grant.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.
REFERENCES
Cite this article
TY - JOUR AU - Mohanad Faris Abdulhameed AU - Ian Duncan Robertson AU - Suzan Ali Al-Azizz AU - Ihab Habib PY - 2018 DA - 2018/12/31 TI - Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of 50 Patients with Surgically Treated Cystic Echinococcosis from Basrah Province, Iraq JO - Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health SP - 196 EP - 202 VL - 8 IS - 3-4 SN - 2210-6014 UR - https://doi.org/10.2991/j.jegh.2018.08.101 DO - 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.08.101 ID - Abdulhameed2018 ER -