The Potential of Nanoliposome-Encapsulated PCSK9 Vaccine for Active Immunization Against Atherosclerosis: A Review

DOI

10.2991/978-94-6463-048-0_33How to use a DOI?

Keywords

Atherosclerosis; vaccine; PCSK9; nanoliposome

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipoprotein deposition in the intima in arteries, is often diagnosed late. This fact has triggered research into immunization strategies for preventing the disease. This review discusses recent studies of immunization using proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), with an emphasis on the advantages of the immunogenic fused PCSK-9 tetanus displayed on the surface of liposome nanoparticles and mixed into alhydrogel vaccine (L-IFPTA +) for the prevention of atherosclerosis. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Nature Publishing Group, Springer, and ResearchGate databases were searched in July 2021 using the keywords atherosclerosis, vaccine, PCSK9, and nanoliposome. Studies that reported the role of the PCSK9 vaccine for passive and active immunization were reviewed. For passive immunization, the PCSK9 vaccine has some drawbacks because it requires regular high doses, is expensive, and is not well tolerated by some people. Active immunization using the PCSK9 vaccine has been tested in preclinical studies. The compounding of the PCSK9 peptide as the B cell epitope to the tetanus peptide in the T-cell epitope generates the immunogenic fused PCSK9-tetanus (IFPT). The improvement of IFPT with an absorbed nanoliposome using Alhydrogel in the form of L-IFPTA + seems to increase the bioavailability of the vaccine and to make it more biodegradable, biocompatible, and less toxic. Active immunization induces long-lasting humoral responses by increasing the production of anti-inflammatory immune cells and provides protection against atherosclerosis by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Compared with the other formulations, L-IFPTA + has the highest therapeutic index. Preclinical studies show that PCSK9-encapsulated nanoliposomes in the form of L-IFPTA + is a potential novel approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. The effectiveness of active immunization using L-IFPTA + needs further studies.

Copyright

© 2023 The Author(s)

Open Access

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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TY  - CONF
AU  - Anindya Amanda Damayanti
AU  - Riana Rahmawati
AU  - Amany Taqiyyah Wardhani
AU  - Raisa Kamila Putri
AU  - Zavia Putri Salsabila
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022/12/19
TI  - The Potential of Nanoliposome-Encapsulated PCSK9 Vaccine for Active Immunization Against Atherosclerosis: A Review
BT  - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (ICCvD 2021)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 293
EP  - 300
SN  - 2468-5739
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-048-0_33
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6463-048-0_33
ID  - Damayanti2022
ER  -