A simple microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of Sudan IV in palm oil, pepper powder and tomato paste for on-site analysis and market surveillance

DOI

10.2991/978-94-6463-970-4_2How to use a DOI?

Keywords

Food adulteration; market surveillance; microextraction; spectrophotometry; Sudan IV

Abstract

In this work, simple microextraction approaches were developed for spectrophotometric determination of Sudan IV in palm oil, pepper powder, and tomato paste. For all matrices, the optimal detection wavelength was established at 514 nm. Experimental parameters, including sample mass, solvent volume, and extraction time, were optimized for each matrix. The linear range of detection across samples was between 2.26 × 10⁻6 to 3.1 × 10⁻4 mol/L. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 7.44×10–7 mol/L and 2.26×10–6 mol/L, respectively. Globally, national and international regulatory frameworks strictly prohibit the presence of any amount of Sudan dyes in food products. Thus, the low LOD observed establishes practical applicability of the developed procedures in strengthening food safety regulatory compliance. Optimal extraction conditions included: 0.1–0.3 g sample mass for pepper powder and tomato paste, 0.6 mL sample volume for palm oil, 3.0–4.5 mL methanol as extraction solvent, and extraction times between 2–5 minutes. The developed approaches demonstrated high linearity (R2 = 0.99). Sustainability of the proposed procedures was evaluated with the Complex Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (complex MoGAPI) webtool, giving a score of 87. This indicates a highly acceptable environmental friendliness and analyst safety of the procedures reported in this work.

Copyright

© 2025 The Author(s)

Open Access

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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TY  - CONF
AU  - C. M. Afemeku
AU  - W. Brani
AU  - J. Oppong-Mensah
AU  - J. Adom
AU  - L. Nugbienyo
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/12/31
TI  - A simple microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of Sudan IV in palm oil, pepper powder and tomato paste for on-site analysis and market surveillance
BT  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering, Science, and Urban Sustainability (ICESUS 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 4
EP  - 21
SN  - 2352-5401
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-970-4_2
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6463-970-4_2
ID  - Afemeku2025
ER  -