All of the articles in this proceedings volume have been presented at the 8th ICoNap USU during 02-03 May 2025 in Medan Indonesia These articles have been peer reviewed by the members of the Reviewer Committee and approved by the Editor-in-Chief, who affirms that this document is a truthful description...

Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that involves structural and functional changes in the brain, especially in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and lateral ventricles. Changes in volume in these structures are thought to be influenced by an increase in the level of tumour necrosis...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most frequent cause of dementia, is a progressive neuro-degenerative condition that affects individuals, families, and health systems worldwide. A increasing body of data links chronic inflammation to the etiology of AD, beyond its typical hallmarks of amyloid-beta (Aβ)...

The impact of environmental and nutritional variables on the makeup and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota, which can consequently affect health, is becoming more widely recognized. Our knowledge of the richness and variety of gut microbial ecosystems, both within and between individuals,...

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a pivotal role as a biomarker in predicting therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors across several malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma. Nevertheless, its expression varies among different histological variants, particularly within populations...

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent the most prevalent mesenchymal neoplasms within the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly located in the stomach and small bowel. Rectal GISTs are uncommon, and extra-luminal presentations are exceedingly rare. Such cases may histologically resemble other...

The treatment of sexual abuse requires a holistic approach addressing physical, psychological, and social aspects. Psychiatrists assume dual roles as treating clinicians and forensic evaluators. In clinical settings, psychiatrists focus on managing psychiatric conditions and establishing therapeutic...

Depression is a common mental health condition that can happen to anyone. Various factors, including social and cultural context, can influence depression. The cultural pressures within the Batak Toba community can have a significant impact on the mental health of Batak males, who often feel pressured...

Psychotic major depression (PMD) is a severe form of major depressive disorder (MDD), characterized by depressive symptoms accompanied by hallucinations and/or delusions. Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a personality disorder marked by social and interpersonal deficits as well as cognitive-perceptual...

Persistent patterns of grandiosity typify Narcissistic Personality Dis- order (NPD), the necessity for admiration and limited empathy. In the digital age, individuals with NPD may gravitate towards behavioral addictions that reinforce their idealized self-image, such as compulsive physical training,...

Paranoid Schizophrenia is a form of chronic psychotic disorder that has been linked to an increased risk of violent behaviours such as parricides. Although it is classified as a rare incident, parricide has a significant impact on the victim’s family and the community, so it is necessary to explore the...

Fibromyalgia is a chronic, multifactorial pain syndrome that significantly affects quality of life, particularly in young adult females. This case describes a 25-year-old female presenting with persistent anxiety and generalized musculoskeletal pain, later diagnosed as fibromyalgia with comorbid generalized...

Hikikomori, a phenomenon of severe social withdrawal characterized by prolonged confinement and isolation, was initially identified in Japan but is increasingly recognized globally. This paper presents a case study examining Hikikomori within the specific cultural context of Indonesia. Traditional Indonesian...

Tarhirim is a term in the Batak Toba language, spoken by the Batak Toba ethnic group in North Sumatra, Indonesia. This condition occurs when a person has a desire for something, usually something simple, such as food or goods, but it remains unfulfilled. As a result, the individual experiences feelings...

Minangkabau society is known for its matrilineal system that places marriage as a core value in a woman’s life. Unmarried women often face intense social pressures, both from family and the surrounding community, who value marriage as the ultimate achievement in a woman’s life. This social pressure can...

Menopause is a natural biological process marked by the decline of ovarian function and estrogen levels, leading to various symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Some women experience sexual dysfunction and body dysmorphic disorder, which negatively affect relationships and raise concerns...

Trichophagia, a compulsive behavior often associated with trichotillomania, involves the ingestion of hair, leading to the formation of trichobezoars—indigestible hair masses in the gastrointestinal tract. In severe cases, it manifests as Rapunzel syndrome, characterized by a large gastric trichobezoar...

Gendam, a form of hypnotic manipulation often used in exploitative or criminal activities, can have profound and long-lasting effects on an individual’s mental health. This practice involves psychological techniques such as verbal suggestions, gestures, or commands to exert control over a person’s thoughts,...

Hair-pulling disorder, also referred to as Trichotillomania, is a psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent, irresistible urges to pull out one’s hair, leading to noticeable hair loss and significant psychological distress. In the DSM-5, it is classified under obsessive–compulsive and related...

This case report aims to describe a case of post-traumatic stress dis- order in a military soldier, highlighting the presenting symptoms, the diagnostic approach used, and the therapeutic strategies applied. Post-traumatic stress dis- order is a mental health condition that can occur after an individual...

Adolescent methamphetamine (meth) abuse is a serious health problem with long-term neuropsychiatric consequences. Studies show that up to 60% of heavily dependent methamphetamine users experience psychotic symptoms. Previous systematic reviews have also shown that high frequency of use and severity of...

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is increasingly observed among adolescents, including a specific pattern known as barcode cutting—characterized by parallel cuts on the skin resembling a barcode. This behavior is often associated with complex psychosocial stressors and significantly influenced by social...

Sexual harassment and assault are deeply traumatic experiences that can result in lasting psychological impacts, including the possible development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This article presents a case study of a 22-year-old woman who experienced sexual harassment within her local community...

Background: Adjustment disorder is a common psychiatric condition frequently encountered in individuals undergoing significant life changes, such as migration. Primary treatment modalities include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and pharmacological therapy, particularly with Selective Serotonin Reuptake...

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common yet underdiagnosed mental health disorder that emerges within weeks to months after childbirth. It is characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest, sleep and appetite disturbances, and fatigue. Globally, prevalence rates vary widely due to differences...

The Hajj pilgrimage is often regarded as a spiritually fulfilling experience that brings peace and personal transformation. However, for some individuals with underlying psychological vulnerabilities, it may also coincide with the onset of emotional disturbances. This case report presents a 39-year-old...

Customs are strongly associated with mental health disorders. Hapunuan literally means extinct. In Batak culture, Hapunuan refers to a situation where a Batak woman is unable to give birth to a son who will continue the clan. So that the clan that is passed down through a son will become extinct. In...