Proceedings of the 14th Asia-Pacific Conference on Transportation and the Environment (APTE 2025)

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Last-Mile Delivery Energy Consumption: Insights from a Simulation-Based Analysis

Authors
Michał Kłodawski1, Konrad Lewczuk1, *, Gao Jiajing2
1Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Koszykowa, 75, 00-662, Poland
2School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
*Corresponding author. Email: konrad.lewczuk@pw.edu.pl
Corresponding Author
Konrad Lewczuk
Available Online 29 December 2025.
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6463-972-8_17How to use a DOI?
Keywords
Last-mile delivery; drones; comparative simulation; urban logistics; energy efficiency
Abstract

In recent years, last-mile processes have become critically important for optimizing the efficiency of distribution systems. Technological advancements in last-mile logistics continue to evolve, with autonomous solutions – particularly drone-based systems – being integrated alongside established methods such as courier services and parcel lockers. Beyond efficiency, analyzing the energy consumption of various promising solutions is essential.

This article presents a summary of a simulation research program on energy consumption in last-mile logistics, conducted as part of the E-Laas project (Energy-Optimal Urban Logistics as a Service). The study examines courier deliveries, parcel lockers, and drone-based solutions within a specific urban environment. Five last-mile implementation scenarios mixing courier services, parcel lockers and drone services were developed and applied to an existing urban area with predefined infrastructure. Using FlexSim-based scenario simulations, the research assessed energy consumption and CO₂ emissions across different last-mile strategies, considering the scale of distribution tasks and the technological solutions employed.

Copyright
© 2025 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Volume Title
Proceedings of the 14th Asia-Pacific Conference on Transportation and the Environment (APTE 2025)
Series
Atlantis Highlights in Engineering
Publication Date
29 December 2025
ISBN
978-94-6463-972-8
ISSN
2589-4943
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6463-972-8_17How to use a DOI?
Copyright
© 2025 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article

risenwbib
TY  - CONF
AU  - Michał Kłodawski
AU  - Konrad Lewczuk
AU  - Gao Jiajing
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/12/29
TI  - Last-Mile Delivery Energy Consumption: Insights from a Simulation-Based Analysis
BT  - Proceedings of the 14th Asia-Pacific Conference on Transportation and the Environment (APTE 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 176
EP  - 187
SN  - 2589-4943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-972-8_17
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6463-972-8_17
ID  - Kłodawski2025
ER  -