Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Economics and Finance in the Digital Business Transformation (INCOSEF 2025)

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Comparative Legal Frameworks for Personal Data Protection in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study of Vietnam and the European Union

Authors
Anh Vu Le1, *, Ngoc Kim Anh Nguyen2, Phuong Cao3, Melanie Bui4
1University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, United Kingdom
2Saigon Newport Corporation, 1295B Nguyen Thi Dinh Street, Cat Lai Ward, HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
3Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
4Fulbright University, Vietnam Crescent Plaza, 105 Ton Dat Tien Street, Tan Phu Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
*Corresponding author. Email: sgvleanh@liverpool.ac.uk
Corresponding Author
Anh Vu Le
Available Online 6 April 2026.
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-624-1_24How to use a DOI?
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence; Data Protection Governance; GDPR; EU AI Act; Vietnam Data Law; Comparative Law
Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) exposes structural deficiencies in global data protection frameworks, creating urgent needs for regulatory evolution. This paper examines the regulatory divergence between the European Union’s integrated AI governance system and Vietnam’s evolving framework through comparative legal analysis. The study applies functional comparative methodology to evaluate both systems across five domains: data processing principles, data subject rights, organizational obligations, automated decision-making protocols, and enforcement mechanisms. Findings reveal Vietnam’s framework is undergoing rapid transformation but exhibits structural gaps, particularly in automated decision-making safeguards and institutional independence. The study proposes contextual adaptations for Vietnam: strengthening tiered AI governance, implementing hybrid enforcement models, and pursuing strategic ASEAN alignment. These recommendations provide actionable frameworks for balancing rights protection with innovation compatibility.

Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Volume Title
Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Economics and Finance in the Digital Business Transformation (INCOSEF 2025)
Series
Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research
Publication Date
6 April 2026
ISBN
978-94-6239-624-1
ISSN
2352-5428
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-624-1_24How to use a DOI?
Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article

risenwbib
TY  - CONF
AU  - Anh Vu Le
AU  - Ngoc Kim Anh Nguyen
AU  - Phuong Cao
AU  - Melanie Bui
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/04/06
TI  - Comparative Legal Frameworks for Personal Data Protection in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study of Vietnam and the European Union
BT  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Economics and Finance in the Digital Business Transformation (INCOSEF 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 327
EP  - 343
SN  - 2352-5428
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-624-1_24
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-624-1_24
ID  - Le2026
ER  -