Factors Associated with the Incidence and Mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) after 126-million Cases: A Meta-analysis

Authors

Jeerath Phannajit^{1, 2, †,} , Kullaya Takkavatakarn^{1, †}, Pisut Katavetin¹, Thanin Asawavichienjinda^2, , Kriang Tungsanga^1, , Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa¹, Somchai Eiam-Ong¹, Paweena Susantitaphong^{1, 3, *}

¹Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 RAMA IV, Bangkok, Thailand

²Division Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

³Research Unit for Metabolic Bone Disease in CKD Patients, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

^†

Both JP and KuT contribute equally as first co-author in this work.

^*Corresponding author. Email: pesancerinus@hotmail.com

DOI

10.2991/jegh.k.210527.001How to use a DOI?

Keywords

Coronavirus disease-19; pandemics; epidemiology; mortality; incidence; health system

Abstract

Objectives: This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the current global incidence and mortality of COVID-19 and also explored the associated factors including geographic variations, transmission scenarios, country economic status, and healthcare performance.

Methods: The search was conducted in online databases based on reports from national authorities by March 28, 2021. Random-effects model meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were used to generate summary estimates and explored sources of heterogeneity.

Results: The cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases was 125,704,789 reported by 216 countries. The pooled Daily Cumulative Index (DCI) was 1423.87 cases/day which was highest in South America (2759.15 cases/day) followed by North America (2252.49 cases/day), Europe (1858.44 cases/day), Asia (1484.84 cases/day), Africa (193.09 cases/day), and Australia/Oceania (18.55 cases/day). The overall pooled mortality rate of COVID-19 was 1.53%. Higher income countries and countries with community transmission had higher DCI. By meta-regression, country total health expenditure per capita, percentage of universal health coverage, and total number of tests were associated with higher DCI. On the contrary, country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita were negatively correlated with mortality rate.

Conclusion: To date, 216 countries around the world are affected by COVID-19. Higher income, GDP, and countries’ investments on heath are associated with higher DCI while higher GDP correlates with lower mortality. Community transmission route have more impact on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19.

Copyright

© 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press International B.V.

Open Access

This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Jeerath Phannajit
AU  - Kullaya Takkavatakarn
AU  - Pisut Katavetin
AU  - Thanin Asawavichienjinda
AU  - Kriang Tungsanga
AU  - Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa
AU  - Somchai Eiam-Ong
AU  - Paweena Susantitaphong
PY  - 2021
DA  - 2021/06/14
TI  - Factors Associated with the Incidence and Mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) after 126-million Cases: A Meta-analysis
JO  - Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
SP  - 289
EP  - 295
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
SN  - 2210-6014
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.210527.001
DO  - 10.2991/jegh.k.210527.001
ID  - Phannajit2021
ER  -