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1579 articles
Proceedings Article
An English Grammatical Construction of Students’ Request Speech Act via Multimedia Elicitation Task
Any Budiarti, Cece Sobarna, Rosaria Mita Amalia
At conversation class, actually the students who learn English language produce an interlanguage. This study analyses grammatical construction in request speech act produced by 41 students. This research used Multimedia Elicitation Task to collect the spoken data, meanwhile the data analysed by using...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P2.05 CAROTID PULSE WAVE VELOCITY CAN BE MEASURED USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
Y.P. Yong, N. Altaf, S.T. MacSweeney, D.P. Auer
Pages: 120 - 120
Objectives: Carotid artery stiffness has been suggested to alter local haemodynamic and arterial remodelling. It has also been shown to be associated with ischaemic stroke. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility of measuring carotid pulse wave velocity (cPWV) using magnetic resonance...
Proceedings Article
Contact Tracking with Social Network Analysis Graph
Alvida Mustika Rukmi, Wildan Zakky, M. Lutfhi Shahab
In 2020, the world is facing a Covid-19 virus pandemic. The fields of epidemiology and networks are needed in dealing with its spread. Individual (contact) tracing is an important control measure in the spread of infectious diseases. The network of contacts describes the potential pathways for the spread...
Proceedings Article
Level of Interest in Participating at Sports Extracurricular Activity of High School Students
Rifan Abdurrohman, Tatok Sugiarto, Febrita Paulina Heynoek
The purpose of this study was to determine the participants’ interest in extracurricular activities for volleyball at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Kota Batu. The research design was a descriptive research design. The method used is a survey method. The research subjects were 24 participants consisting...
Proceedings Article
The Impact of Journal Writing Training on Self Efficacy and Attitude of Postgraduate Program Students in Writing Scientific Publication Articles
Dimyati, Ashadi, Hariyanto
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of journal writing training on the attitudes and self efficacy of Postgraduate Masters (PPs) students at Yogyakarta State University (UNY) in writing scientific publications in the form of journal articles as a graduation requirement. The method used...
Proceedings Article
Refractive Errors and Learning Achievement: A Cross-Sectional Study on Elementary School Students
Irwandi Rachman, Andi Sengngeng Relle, Sasmita Tahir
Refractive errors are an imbalance in the eye’s visual system, resulting in blurred vision. If not properly addressed, it can have a negative impact on the intellectual development of children and their learning process. This study aims to determine the relationship between refractive errors and the...
Proceedings Article
Infrastructure Management Based on Vulnerability to Landslides
Alex Cuéllar Díaz
This study analyzed the vulnerability of the assets of an oil field exposed to landslides, based on the potential loss of value due to damage to people, the environment, property and/or business, with the objective of making visible, prioritizing, planning, and executing actions to address risk areas,...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P138 INFLUENCE OF ULTRASOUND SETTINGS ON CAROTID BIOMARKER ASSESSMENT BY B-MODE IMAGE PROCESSING
Martina Francesconi, Vincenzo Gemignani, Rachele Gherardini, Nicole Di Lascio, Francesco Faita, Lorenzo Ghiadoni, Rosa Maria Bruno, Elisabetta Bianchini
Pages: 119 - 119
Purpose/Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate how image settings affect carotid Intima-Media-Thickness (IMT) and diameter estimation performed with CarotidStudio (Quipu Srl).
Methods: 14 healthy volunteers (24.4 ± 4.4 years; 8 men) were recruited. Longitudinal scans 3cm deep of common-carotid-arteries...
Proceedings Article
Indonesian Democracy: Folk Party or Humanitarian Tragedy?
Auliya Khasanofa, Muhammad Zulhidayat
Democracy and the holding of general elections (Elections) are two sides of a coin that are closely intertwined. In 2019, a new history begins in the General Election, along with the Constitutional Court ruling Number 14 / PUU-XI / 2013 in the trial case of Law Number 42 Year 2008 concerning General...
Proceedings Article
Improving Forehand Drop Shot Stroke Skill in Badminton Through the Drill Method for Children
Mahmuda Permata Sari, Oni Bagus Januarto, Tatok Sugiarto
The aimed of this research is to improve forehand drop shot stroke skill in badminton for 8-12 years old athlete in Brawijaya Jr. Badminton’s club Malang. This study uses the Sports Action Research (PTO) method using two tiered cycles covering planning, implementation, observation, reflection and with...
Series: Advances in Engineering Research
Proceedings Article
Magersari and How Unique It Is - A Case Study: Magersari of the Sunanate Palace Surakarta
Avi Marlina, Winny Astuti
Kampong Magersari, a cultural heritage site, situated in the Sunanate Palace area in Surakarta City, is unique because of its physical, economical and socio-cultural hereditary potency. These qualities, though located in a conflict area in which there is no single and legitimate authority, can endure...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P132 CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS OF CENTRAL BLOOD PRESSURE DURING MENTAL STRESS MONITORING
Valentina Vassilenko, Andreia Serrano, Paulo Bonifacio, Peter Roth, Viktor Fetter
Pages: 117 - 118
Nowadays employment world is increasingly shifting towards service-related labour, changing focus from physiological to psychological loads for workers. Thus, a deeper psychological stress understanding arises, not only for jobs within extreme conditions (as astronauts or pilots) but also for regular...
Proceedings Article
Estimation of Rumen Microbial Nitrogen Supply Based on Purine Derivatives Excreted in The Urine of Male and Female Garut Sheep Fed Ad Libitum
Mutiara Mustika Putri Mahanani, Chusnul Hanim, Kustantinah Kustantinah, Zaenal Bachruddin, Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto, Lies Mira Yusiati
This experiment aimed to compare the rumen microbial nitrogen supply in male and female Garut Sheep. Six male and female Garut sheep were put in the metabolism cages, fed ad libitum with Pennisetum purpureum and bran pollard with a ratio 60: 40. This study begins with an adaptation period of 14 days....
Proceedings Article
Effect of Corynebacterium Against Xantomonas Campetric Causes of Bacterial Leaf Blight in the Paddy Plant (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Inpari 13
Reni Nurhayatini, Raden Budiasih, Lia Amalia, Linlin Parlinah, Yanyan Suryana
This research aims to determine the influence of biological Agensia Corynebacterium on growth and yield of paddy crops (Oryza sativa L.) The varieties of Inpari 13 were held in Cianjur regency with a height of 500 m above sea level from January to April in 2015. Environmental Design uses random Group...
Proceedings Article
Staycation as a Way to Boost Millennial Travel Consumption Levels in the New Normal Era
Derinta Entas, Yohanes Sulistyadi, Anak Agung Istri Putera Widiastiti, Wayan Nurita, I Wayan Kiki Sanjaya, Nabila Puji Lestari
This study aims to identify the millennial generation’s boost factors in determining staycation consumption levels in the new normal era. This research method uses qualitative descriptive analysis with perceptual consumer matrix mapping and cartesian diagrams—a stratified random sampling technique to...
Journal: Clinical Hematology International
Research Article
Engraftment Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis of the Experience at a Tertiary Care Institute
Raja Pramanik, Harish Kancharla, Sameer Bakhshi, Atul Sharma, Ajay Gogia, Prabhat Malik, Ranjit Kumar Sahoo, Atul Batra, Sanjay Thulkar, Lalit Kumar
Pages: 114 - 119
Engraftment syndrome (ES) is a clinical syndrome that occurs in the early neutrophil recovery phase following hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Although also described for allogenic HSCT, it is basically diagnosed in the context of autologous HSCT. We retrospectively reviewed 171 consecutive...
Proceedings Article
Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects Red Rosella Flower Steeping on Diabetic Rats
Ratna Indriawati, Vitis Vinivera, Tunjung Wibowo
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and can cause dyslipidemia. One of the herbal plants that is thought to antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects is the red rosella flower. This study aims to identify the capacity of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic of red rosella flower...
Proceedings Article
A Study on Chinese Translations of “God”: Exemplified by “tianzhu”(天主), “shangdi” (上帝) and “shen” (神)
Yixin Duan, Wenjing Su, Wanjing Zhang, Lingfan Ye, Yimin Yuan
The Chinese civilization has been bursting with vitality and vigor in the process of dialogue with other cultures, especially with the Western classic Bible. The “best” translation of the supreme master of Christianity is one of the core issues in the process of translating the Bible into Chinese. In...
Proceedings Article
The Reality of Spreading Hoaxes on Social Media: A Sociolegal Approach
Aditya Yuli Sulistyawan, Sekar Anggun Gading Pinilih
This study aims to examine how the legal review of the spread of hoaxes in Indonesian positive law? and how does the impact of the hoax spread in the community as a sociological study? This research is qualitative research, with a socio-legal approach. This approach was chosen because researchers want...
Proceedings Article
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SHARIA COMPLIANCE IN THE SETTLEMENT OF SHARIA ECONOMIC DISPUTES IN INDONESIA
Fiska Silvia, Kukuh Leksono, Ghansam Anand
According to Article 1 point 12 of Law no. 21 of 2008 (of the Republic of Indonesia) concerning Sharia Banking (Supplement to State Gazette No. 94 of 2008, Supplement to State Gazette No. 4867) explains that Sharia Principles are Islamic Law Principles in banking activities based on Fatwas issued by...
Proceedings Article
Poverty Reduction in South Sumatera with Optimization of Village Funds, Allocation of Village Funds, and Village Original Income
Rita Martini, Endah Widyastuti, Sukmini Hartati, Zulkifli Zulkifli, Mardhiah Mardhiah
In the province of South Sumatra, this study intends to examine the impact of village funds, village fund allocations, and village original income. For 2015-2019, 14 districts/cities in South Sumatra province were used as examples. Purposive sampling is the sampling technique used to determine the sample....
Proceedings Article
Strengthening the Human Rights Treaty Body System Today: Achievements and Challenges
Aleksandra Koneva
The article focuses on the ongoing process to strengthen the effectiveness of the human rights treaty body system. While demonstrating the growing significance of these mechanisms in the human rights protection, the author provides the historical legal analysis of the initiatives to address challenges...
Proceedings Article
Bullying Victimisation in Elementary School Students in Bandung City
Ihsana Sabriani Borualogo, Hedi Wahyudi, Sulisworo Kusdiyati
Bullying is a severe problem in Indonesia. West Java has a higher rate of bullying cases, where Bandung City is the highest rating among other districts in West Java. This study aims to explore school bullying in Bandung City from the perspective of the bullied students. This study will help to get a...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P119 LDL CHOLESTEROL IS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE AND WAVE REFLECTION IN SUBJECTS NOT USING MEDICATIONS WITH HAEMODYNAMIC INFLUENCES
Manoj kumar Choudhary, Arttu Eräranta, Antti J. Tikkakoski, Jenni Koskela, Elina Hautaniemi, Mika Kähönen, Jukka Mustonen, Ilkka Pörsti
Pages: 113 - 114
Background and Aim: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is also associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and future development of hypertension. We examined the relationship between LDL-C and haemodynamic variables in normotensive and never-treated...
Proceedings Article
Mother’s Panic Buying Against Cooking Oil Scarcity in Palangka Raya
R. D. A. Gusti Astrid, Suryanto, Dyan Evita Santi
The purpose of this study is to describe the phenomenon of panic buying about the scarcity of cooking oil in Indonesia, especially in the Palangka Raya city. Cooking oil for the Indonesian people is one of the basic needs or is one of the basic necessities (nine basic ingredients) according to the decree...
Proceedings Article
The Effect Of Learning Strategies And Confidence Toward Learning Outcomes Basketball Chest Pass
Apriani Leni, Joni Alpen
The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between learning strategies Enquiry and Strategy Problem Based Learning (SPBM) as well self confidence of Chest pass on learning outcomes basketball. This research was conducted in class X (Ten) SMAN 14 Pekanbaru. This study used a treatment by...
Proceedings Article
Developing an Instructional Model Assisted Audio Visual Media
Novelti Novelti, Syahrul Ramadhan, Ermanto Ermanto, Agustina Agustina
Bahasa Indonesia teachers should be able to create an atmosphere of learning that can motivate participants who are in the middle of adolescence (12-14 years). Teachers can use an interesting media to help learners in uttering ideas. This study done to (1) analyze the developing an instructional model...
Proceedings Article
Analysis of Need Development of Blended Learning Model Based Nine Event Instructional
Sudarman Sudarman, Sugeng Sugeng
The purpose of this research is (1) to describe the design of Blended Learning model based on Nine Event Instructional, and (2) to analyze the need of the design of Blended Learning model based on Nine Event Instructional in the Research Methodology lecture. This research uses descriptive-qualitative...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P1.07 A LONGITUDINAL PILOT STUDY OF AORTIC STIFFNESS IN COPD
A.M. Albarrati, N.S. Gale, S. Enright, I.C. Munnery, M.M. Munnery, D.J. Shale, J.R. Cockcroft
Pages: 112 - 113
Background: Increased arterial stiffness has been established in patients with COPD (1). However, the changes in aortic stiffness over time and contributing factors are still unknown. We hypothesise that there would be a significant change in aortic stiffness in COPD over one year.
Methods: Aortic pulse...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P114 APPLICATION AND REPLICABILITY OF BILATERAL AND SIMULTANEOUS MULTIPLE ARTERIAL BLOODPRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN SEDENTARY AND PHYSICALLY ACTIVE PROFESSIONS
Eric de Groot
Pages: 112 - 112
Background: Lack of physical activity is endemic in office life. Sedentary associated disorders include general adaptation syndrome (‘stress’), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, metabolic and overweight. These conditions provoke absenteeism. Purpose: We evaluated applicability and replicability of a novel...
Proceedings Article
Tourism Communication of Village Government and Community Based Tourism Destination Development In Hilisataro Nandisa Village, South Nias Regions
Elok Perwirawati, Iskandar Zulkarnain, Dewi Kurniawati, Nurbani Nurbani
Tourism has long been recognized as a strong and influential economic sector for the development of the country’s economy. In accelerating tourism development, the most important stakeholder is the community. The community is not only an object but must also be involved as an actor in development, because...
Proceedings Article
COVID-19 Vaccination Services: Legal Issues and Protection for Health Workers
Irzal Rakhmadhani, Erna Yulida, Fahrina, Abdul Kadir Jaelani
COVID-19 cases are on the rise, and strict health protocols haven’t been able to keep up. COVID-19 vaccinations are required to slow the transmission of the virus in the community; lessen pain and death caused by the disease; accelerate herd immunity, and protect the community from COVID-19 during the...
Proceedings Article
Histology and Histomorphometry of Kidney on Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) During Pre and Post Hatch
Deci Aryani, Dian Masyitha, Zainuddin, Muslim Akmal, Teuku Zahrial Helmi, Yudha Fahrimal, Herrialfian Herrialfian
The purpose of this study was to determine the renal histology and histomorphometry of domestic chickens (Gallus galus domesticus) before and after hatching. The study involved in four treatment groups namely incubation period of 7 days (K1), 14 days (K2), and 20 days (K3), 7 days after hatching (K4)...
Proceedings Article
Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced by Bacillus subtilis 11A Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Indonesian Native Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
V A Cahya, C Hanim, L M Yusiati
The purpose of this study was to characterize bacteriocins produced by Bacillus subtilis 11A isolated from Indonesian native chicken’s ileum. Characterization of bacteriocins included antimicrobial activity, the stability to temperature, pH, and storage time. Antimicrobial activity was tested against...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P111 DISCREPANCY BETWEEN BRACHIAL AND INVASIVE INTRA-AORTIC PRESSURES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
Azra Mahmud, Ali Allghamdi, Mohammad Balghith, Kamal Ayoub, Mohammad Fayaz Khan, Samir AlChighouri, Fawaz AlMutairi, Muayad AlZaibag
Pages: 111 - 111
Introduction: Invasive intra-aortic pressures are the gold standard for accurate Blood Pressure (BP) measurement. Hypertension management is guided by brachial cuff BP although its accuracy has been questioned. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there may be a discrepancy between brachial and invasive...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P1.02 INCREASED CAROTID IMT IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES FREE OF CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS APPEARS TO BE AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO AN INCREASED WALL STRESS MORE THAN ATHEROMASIC DEGENERATION
M. Kozakova, C. Morizzo, C. Palombo
Pages: 111 - 111
Type 2 diabetes (DM2) and poor glycemic control adversely affect common carotid intima media thickness (IMT), considered marker of preclinical atherosclerosis. However, studies evaluating the effect of DM2 and glucose levels on IMT did not consider carotid diameter, known to affect IMT. A certain IMT...
Proceedings Article
Crisis Management of Covid-19 Cluster through Social Media Contents Analysis at @Inside Sampoerna
Diana Amalia, Roziana Febrianita, Kusnarto
The Covid-19 phenomenon has implications for the crisis in almost all sectors in Indonesia, even globally. PT H.M. Sampoerna experienced a crisis when employees were infected with Covid19, there were casualties and became a Covid-19 cluster as in May 2020. To maintain trust & reputation, PT. H.M....
Series: Advances in Engineering Research
Proceedings Article
Ethnobotany of Medicinal Wild Plants in the Community of Kutorejo Subvillage, Buffer Area of Alas Purwo National Park Banyuwangi Regency
Eko Budi Minarno, Akhmad Rubani, M. Rosyid Ridho
Alas Purwo National Park has a buffer area, namely Kutorejo Subvillage, Kalipahit Village, Tegaldlimo District, Banyuwangi Regency. The communities around the buffer area have local wisdom in the use of medicinal plants. Therefore it is important to carry out an ethnobotanical study in this area as a...
Journal: Clinical Hematology International
Research Article
Framingham Risk Score Is an Ineffective Screening Strategy for Coronary Heart Disease in Long-Term Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Survivors
Natasha A. Jain, Marcus Y. Chen, Sujata Shanbhag, Prathima Anandi, Xin Tian, Sawa Ito, Priyanka A. Pophali, Kimberly Doucette, Robert Q. Le, Upneet Chawla, Eleftheria Koklanaris, Richard W. Childs, A. John Barrett, Minoo Battiwalla
Pages: 109 - 116
Long-term allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) survivors suffer an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study to screen asymptomatic survivors at a single allo-HCT center using cardiac computed tomography (CT) involving...
Proceedings Article
The Effect of Classcraft on Enhancing Grammar Performance of Adult Learners
I Witari, K Anwar, Y Arifani
This study aims to investigate the effect of Classcraft on enhancing grammar performance of adult learners. A quasi-experimental study employed involved 27 adult learners from graduate and postgraduate program. The participants were from beginner level and divided into Control Group (14 learners) and...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P194 CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO INCREASED PRESSURE DURING HEALTHY PREGNANCY
Victoria L. Meah, Rob E. Shave, Karianne Backx, Eric Stöhr
Pages: 109 - 110
A long-standing question is whether pregnant females, who bear an increased biological stress, experience exacerbated cardiovascular responses during physiological challenge. At rest, pregnant females have reduced blood pressure, increased cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume (1), with reported...
Proceedings Article
The Illocutionary Speech Act of Public Officials in Electronic Media to Increase the Value of Student Character Education
Aulia Tika Yustita, Harun Joko Prayitno, Miftakhul Huda, Laili Etika Rahmawati
The illocutionary speech acts of public officials in electronic media are analyzed in this research. This research is conducted to obtain accurate data analysis of illocutionary speech acts of public officials contained in electronic media. It is carried out to determine the structure and aim of the...
Proceedings Article
How does influencer endorsement fashion industry on social media influence public consumption preference?
Yu Liu
Under the most recent media background, influencers increasingly significantly impact the purchase preference in public space instead of the traditional celebrity. This research discusses influencer endorsement media’s impact on purchase preference. The mixed approach is the primary method for collecting...
Proceedings Article
Propolis Increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rat Stress Model
Kuswati Kuswati, Ety Sari Handayani, Zainuri Sabta Nugraha
Stress causes an increase in glucocorticoid hormones and glutamat release in the central nervous system. This condition can increase calcium influx in the neuron, mitochondrial membrane permeability and triggers apoptosis, thereby reducing the number of neurons. In the prefrontal cortex, stress exposure...
Proceedings Article
Anthocyanin Extraction from Purple Banggai Yam Skin (Dioscorea alata L) as Acid-Base Bioindicators and Potential in Chemistry Learning
Sayu Komang Oktaviani, Tri Santoso, Anang W. M. Diah, Hockcu Suhanda, Sitti Aminah
Anthocyanins are natural pigments that can give color to plants, including purple banggai yams (Dioscorea alata L). Purple yams contain anthocyanin compounds that are sensitive to pH because they can show color changes in both acidic and alkaline pH, so they have the potential to be used as natural acid-base...
Proceedings Article
A Model of Village Government System Based on Systems Thinking - A Study in Kairane village, Indonesia
Ike Wanusmawatie, Bambang Supriyono, Luqman Hakim, Mujibur Rahman Khoirul Muluk
The purpose of this study was to construct a model of village government performance system in order to realize the community prosperity. This research used system thinking approach and dynamic system as tool analysis. Based on the research results indicates that village government performance is not...
Proceedings Article
Suplementation of Vitamin D in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Ethnic Batak
Nita Andriani Lubis, Melviana Melviana, Bintang Y.M. Sinaga, Yahwardiah Siregar
Vitamin D has a complex action on the immune system, among other cathelicidin production stimulator which enhances phagocytosis magrofag. TB is an infectious disease which causes high mortality and morbidity in the world. Vitamin D will give the effect when it binds to its receptor (VDR). Variants VDR...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P189 IDENTIFYING PTPN14-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS THAT INFLUENCE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
Ons Mamai
Pages: 108 - 108
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder caused predominantly by loss of a single allele of ENG (HHT1) or ACVRL1 (HHT2). Global incidence is about 1 in 5,000. Clinical manifestations include cutaneous, mucosal and/or gastrointestinal (GI) tract telangiectases that can cause severe...
Proceedings Article
Cybersecurity as an Effort to Protect the Creative Economy and Tourism in Pamekasan Regency from Cybercrime Threats in the Digital Era
Dewi Muti’ah, Abdul Wachid Habibullah, Moh. Akbar Adhiyanto
This article broadly examines cybersecurity approaches in the protection and development of the creative economy and tourism in the digital era in Pamekasan Regency. The rapid development of information technology in communications has made it easier to access information anytime and anywhere. The internet,...
Proceedings Article
Genetic Resources of Katingan Cattle and Effort to Conserve at the Time in Katingan District, Central Kalimantan
Bambang Ngaji Utomo, Ermin Widjaja
Katingan cattle in Central Kalimantan is unique and they were kept only by Dayak community. Local people (Dayak) were often mentioned by the name of the local cattle, but some of call it is Itah cattle or Helu cattle (ancient cattle). Portrait information of Katingan Cattle were obtained through interviews...