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6075 articles
Proceedings Article
The Effect of Leg Circuits Exercise Toward Strength of Limbs Muscles of Female Students Volley Ball Team
Cevvin Septa Edran, Slamet, Ardiah Juita
The purpose of this research is to know the effect of Legs Circuits exercises on the strength of limbs muscles of SMA N 3 PEKANBARU Women’s volleyball team. Type of research use experiment with One Group Pretest Posttest Only Design that involved eight students. The instruments used in this research...
Research Article
A Note on Generalization of the Simplest Time-Dependent Discrete Markov Process: Linear Growth Process With Immigration-Emigration
Bijoy Kumar Pradhan, Priyaranjan Dash, Upasana
Pages: 111 - 131
Lineargrowth process with immigration and emigration is the general model in the study of population in biological and ecological systems, and their transient analysis is the most important factor in the understanding of the structural behavior of such systems. The probability-generating function π(z,...
Proceedings Article
An Agentic AI Framework for Multi-Modal Fake Social Media Profile Detection
Deepali Nikam, Archana Renushe, Shashank Joshi
The rapid proliferation of generative artificial intelligence has fundamentally transformed the threat landscape of online social platforms, enabling adversaries to fabricate convincing fake profiles through synthetic face generation, automated text production, and coordinated inauthentic behaviour at...
Proceedings Article
Research and Analysis on the Impact of AI on Energy and Sustainable Development Based on Entropy-Coupling Coordination Model—Taking Chongqing as an Example
Yuliang Tan
Currently, with the increasing prominence of geopolitical and global climate change challenges, the global energy landscape is undergoing profound adjustments. This study evaluates and analyzes the energy and sustainable development of Chongqing Municipality, China, under the influence of AI. Quantitative...
Proceedings Article
Study on the Impact of Digital Economy Development on Regional Economic Resilience
Xinbei Xue, Tingting Zhang, Jiamo Chen
This study utilizes panel data from 30 provinces and municipalities in China from 2014 to 2023 to construct an indicator system for digital economy and regional economic resilience. Entropy weighting is employed to measure the development levels of both, and an intermediary model, threshold effect model,...
Proceedings Article
Consumptive Behavior Among State Vocational High School Students as E-Commerce Services Users
Surya Jatmika, Dita Mawarsari, Faizah Laila Oktaviana
Technology has produced e-commerce services and shifted consumer shopping behavior from offline to online. Such change can be viewed at Generation Z (Gen-Z) who grow along with technology development. This study aimed to discover consumptive behavior, the factors that influenced it, and the preferences...
Proceedings Article
Exploring the Factors Influencing the Intention to Adopt the Contactless Payments in Post-Covid 19 in Malaysia
Tan Suang Sin, Cheah Zhen Han, Cheong Soon Fai, Lim Zhi Xuan, Ng Hui Ning, Ting Ka Xi
After the Covid 19 pandemic, automation and digitization technologies have become widely accepted, particularly from millennials (Gen Y) and Gen Z. It is anticipated that Malaysia will transition to a cashless society by 2030, owing to its convenience and security. To achieve that goal, there is a need...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P115 LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH AND ITS RELATION TO NITRIC OXIDE METABOLITES IN A BI-ETHNIC SAMPLE: THE SABPA STUDY
Hugo W. Huisman, Jan-Hendrik Combrink, Carina Mels, Aletta Schutte
Pages: 112 - 113
Objectives: Shorter leukocyte telomere length is associated with cardiovascular risk and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability. Aforementioned are also linked with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. 1,2 Telomere length, NO metabolites (NOx), blood pressure, oxidative stress and inflammation...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P114 APPLICATION AND REPLICABILITY OF BILATERAL AND SIMULTANEOUS MULTIPLE ARTERIAL BLOODPRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN SEDENTARY AND PHYSICALLY ACTIVE PROFESSIONS
Eric de Groot
Pages: 112 - 112
Background: Lack of physical activity is endemic in office life. Sedentary associated disorders include general adaptation syndrome (‘stress’), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, metabolic and overweight. These conditions provoke absenteeism. Purpose: We evaluated applicability and replicability of a novel...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P1.06 CARDIO-ANKLE VASCULAR INDEX (CAVI) IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF DEATH IN MAINTENANCE HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Shirai Kohji, Kono Takashi, Nagayama Daiji, Saiki Atsuhito, Utino Junji, Tuchiya Shoji, Yoshida Toyohiko
Pages: 112 - 112
Objects: The purpose of this study was to calculate robust quantitative estimates of the predictive value of cardio-ankle vascular index, (CAVI) for future all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients.
Subjects and methods: A total of 163 hemodialysis patients (102 males and 61 females, mean age 60±11...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P1.04 IMPACT OF WEIGHT-REDUCTION ON ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ONE YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY
K.N. Hvidt, M.H. Olsen, J.C. Holm, H. Ibsen
Pages: 112 - 112
Introduction: Recently, in a cross-sectional study, we have found arterial stiffness assessed as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) to be reduced in obese children and adolescents. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether weight-reduction influenced cfPWV independently of blood pressure (BP).
Methods:...
Proceedings Article
Patchouli Alcohol Optimization from Pogostemon cablin Benth. cv. Sidikalang Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology
Mochammad Firmansyah, Feri Irwansyah, Krisyanti Budipramana, Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat, Ida Bagus Made Artadana, Popy Hartatie Hardjo
The demand for essential oils in the industrial sector continues to increase, proportional to the number of people using them. Pogostemon cablin popularly known as nilam in Indonesia produces patchouli oil with patchouli alcohol as the major compound. Patchouli oil has been used for a long time as perfume...
Proceedings Article
Exercise for College Students: Effects of Yoga Dan Zumba as a Stress Management Technique
Suri Mutia Siregar, Rani Queen Manurung, Raymondo Elieser Purba, Sarah Hafiza, Ivana Putri, Yohanna Rekhatalia Debataraja, Muhammad Suriya Pratama
Stress faced by college students creates challenges and tensions that can affect their health. Students who experience long-term stress are prone to have trouble sleeping at night, feeling mood swings, decreasing well-being, anxiety, and depression. Methods used by individuals to reduce the stress they...
Proceedings Article
Performing and Failing Masculinity: Gender Performance in Twentieth-Century Chinese Women’s Literature
Juntao Lin
This study examines the construction, discipline, and collapse of masculinity across distinct historical phases of twentieth-century China through the core texts of Eileen Chang’s Jasmine Tea, Yang Mo’s The Song of Youth, and Yan Geling’s Youth. Drawing on Judith Butler’s theory of gender performance...
Proceedings Article
The Reliability of the Indonesian Pedagogy of Science Teaching Test (POSTT)
Listiani, William W. Cobern, Brandy A-S Pleasants, Betty AJ Adams
The development of an instrument typically requires a reliability study. For formative assessment instruments, however, reliability is less of a concern unless a formative instrument gets used as a research tool or for summative purposes. When that happens, the formative instrument needs to be evaluated...
Series: Advances in Engineering Research
Proceedings Article
Reverse Engineering on Silicon Rubber Suture Pad Training Kit with 3D Scanner
Muhammad Abdul Wahid, Ahmad Muhyi, Gilar Pandu Annanto, Baitul Aji Rizky, Penggalih Mahardika Herlambang
Technological advances in the medical sector, especially in surgical training, have developed rapidly with the existence of increasingly realistic and effective training devices, such as suture pad training kits. This research aims to improve the quality and accuracy of these devices through reverse...
Proceedings Article
Plant Three-dimensional Information Detection Based on Single Moving Camera
Dongbo Zhang, Xi Deng, Xiaojing Liu, Bin Zhang
Using non-contact sensing techniques and facilities to gain plant three-dimensional (3D) information can satisfy different kinds of needs in digital and intelligent agricultural production. 3D information could be used for vegetative modeling and monitoring or plant production management and operation....
Proceedings Article
Study on the Preparation of Sm Doped TiO2 Catalyst by Microwave Hydrothermal Method and its Photocatalytic Activity
Yuejie Lu, Xin Wang, Xianjun Bi
Samarium doped TiO2 photocatalyst TiO2-Sm was prepared by microwave hydrothermal method using Samarium nitrate and tetrabutyl titanate as raw materials. Degradation of methyl orange was used to photocatalytic reaction of TiO2-Sm respectively under the conditions of visible light, microwave (MW), ultraviolet...
Proceedings Article
Spatial Analysis of Water Quality in Area of the Riverbank of Musi River in Palembang City
Inoy Trisnaini, A. Fickry Faisya, Haerawati Idris
The report by WALHI in 2016 showed that based on the quality status of the Musi River water in Gandus District is in abad status, which means that it has been polluting, which can come from the high activity of citizens and industry in the riverbank on that river.Geographic Information System (GIS) as...
Proceedings Article
Embedding Virtual Reality in HRM Practices to Enhance Workforce Agility in the Manufacturing Industry
Siew Fong. Lai, Wan Leng Lim, Meow Yee Foo, Siew Ming Choo
As of 2022, Malaysia’s National Business Digital Adoption Index (BDAI) reported an overall average rating of 2.1 out of 5, signifying progressive digital transformation among businesses. Within this background, the manufacturing industry achieved a BDAI score of 2.26, indicating a quicker rate of embracing...
Proceedings Article
Research Trends of Banana Flour: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis
Jatmiko Eko Witoyo, Panggulu Ahmad Ramadhani Utoro, Jaya Mahar Maligan, Novita Wijayanti, Aniswatul Khamidah, Nelsy Dian Permatasari, Atika Hamaisa
Banana flour is a highly nutritious product derived from the banana fruit. Over the past decade, research on banana flour has significantly increased. To better understand the research surrounding this trend, this study conducted a bibliometric and visualization analysis of the dataset from the Scopus...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P111 DISCREPANCY BETWEEN BRACHIAL AND INVASIVE INTRA-AORTIC PRESSURES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
Azra Mahmud, Ali Allghamdi, Mohammad Balghith, Kamal Ayoub, Mohammad Fayaz Khan, Samir AlChighouri, Fawaz AlMutairi, Muayad AlZaibag
Pages: 111 - 111
Introduction: Invasive intra-aortic pressures are the gold standard for accurate Blood Pressure (BP) measurement. Hypertension management is guided by brachial cuff BP although its accuracy has been questioned. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there may be a discrepancy between brachial and invasive...
Series: Advances in Engineering Research
Proceedings Article
Article Android-Based Application (Body Fat Calculate) as Information Media for Obesity Prevention
Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, Setya Chendra Wibawa, Abdul Rachman Syam Tuasikal, Faridha Nurhayati, Kolektus Oky Ristanto, Beatrich Laila Siregar
The impact of excess nutrition will have an impact on weight gain and the accumulation of excess fat in the body which will lead to obesity. Based on the results of the 2018 Riskesdas, it shows that as many as 21.8 percent of the Indonesian population are obese. Rapid technological developments can be...
Proceedings Article
Sequential Physical Activity Model to Improve Motor Ability in Early Children
Hadwi Prihartanta, Panggung Sutapa, Suharjana Suharjana, Muhammad Sigit Antoni
Early childhood education carry out physical activities that can develop both cognitive and motor skills. The results of many observations in Kindergarten schools do not have enough yards for their students to play, thus the physical education process cannot be carried out optimally. Sequence physical...
Proceedings Article
Study of rain pattern and rain characteristics on design flood discharge as the impact of climate change
I W. Sutapa, A. Yassir, S. Lipu, B. R. Nina, A. Munif
Climate change brings changes to the characteristics of rain and rain patterns so that it affects the flow of rivers. This study aims to determine the effect of climate change on river flood discharge by paying attention to rain patterns and rain characteristics. This research was conducted in the Bangga...
Proceedings Article
The Effectiveness of the Suksaiyad Recipe on Sleep Quality: A Study Based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Assessment
Arthitaya Kawee-ai, Thanwarat Tratongkum, Kriangsak Phramphun
Sleep disturbances have become increasingly prevalent, prompting interest in alternative remedies for improving sleep quality. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Suksaiyad recipe—a traditional Southeast Asian herbal formulation—on sleep quality using the pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)....
Series: Advances in Engineering Research
Proceedings Article
Prediction of Elderly Depression Based on an Improved Conditional Mixture of Experts Model
Lin Tan
Elderly depression, often underdiagnosed due to subtle symptoms, diminishes quality of life. This study develops a detection model using ensemble learning on multidimensional features of older adults from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The dataset includes over 1,200 variables, with depression...
Journal: Clinical Hematology International
Research Article
Framingham Risk Score Is an Ineffective Screening Strategy for Coronary Heart Disease in Long-Term Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Survivors
Natasha A. Jain, Marcus Y. Chen, Sujata Shanbhag, Prathima Anandi, Xin Tian, Sawa Ito, Priyanka A. Pophali, Kimberly Doucette, Robert Q. Le, Upneet Chawla, Eleftheria Koklanaris, Richard W. Childs, A. John Barrett, Minoo Battiwalla
Pages: 109 - 116
Long-term allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) survivors suffer an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study to screen asymptomatic survivors at a single allo-HCT center using cardiac computed tomography (CT) involving...
Proceedings Article
Cytogenetic Effects of Cytostatics and Their Relationship With p53 Gene Polymorphism
Z.I. Bisultanova, P.M. Dzhambetova, M.M. Atsaeva, L.M. Dzhambetova, Kh.Sa. Musaeva
The karyological parameters of buccal epithelial cells were studied as markers of the effects of chemotherapy drugs (doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide (DC) and paclitaxel) in 68 patients with diagnosed breast cancer taking into account p53 gene polymorphism (rs17884159). It was shown that paclitaxel...
Proceedings Article
Antihyperlipidemia Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon Linn.) Leaf in White Male Wistar Rats Induced by Propylthiouracil
Herlina, Ferlina Hayati, Dina Permata Wijaya, Rahma Belinda
The antihyperlipidemia activity of ethyl acetate fraction from Melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) against white male wistar rats induced by propylthiouracil has been carried out. Wistar male rats were divided into six groups, which are a normal, a positive control, a negative control, and the other three...
Proceedings Article
Development of Interactive Health Promotion Application Media Based on the “Hygiene Sanitation Vs Covid-19” Quiz and News Up Date as a Form of Corona Virus Prevention in Malang City Adolescents
Dewi Khoirun Nikmatus Z., Djoko Kustono, Muhammad Al-Irsyad
COVID-19 is a new type of virus with hight infectious rate. The prevalence rate of this virus in international scale in 2020 for Indonesia reaches 34th in the world and case fatality rate (CFR) for Indonesia is 3.96. Malang City has been included in the red zone since the pandemic beginning, considering...
Proceedings Article
Optimizing Denpasar Smart City Through AI and Big Data: Predictive Analysis of Public Services Using SEM-PLS
Kadek Jemmy Waciko, Ni Nyoman Teristiyani Winaya, Rifqi Nur Fakhrurozi
This study develops a predictive model to evaluate the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics (BDA), and Digital Governance Infrastructure (IDG) on Smart City Success (KMS) in Denpasar, Indonesia. A conceptual framework based on SEM-PLS was designed to analyze the causal relationships...
Proceedings Article
Live E-Commerce Multi-entity Value Co-creation Behavior: A Consumer Engagement Motivation Perspective
Yu-miao Chang, Ying Zhu, Hui Li
Consumers, anchors, platforms, manufacturers, and other multi-type subjects constitute the value co-creators of e-commerce live streaming. The virtual presence and real-time interaction between multiple subjects and consumers through the live e-commerce scene directly convert traffic into sales and become...
Proceedings Article
The Influence of the School Principle’s Leadership on Teachers’ Work Discipline
Wahyu Sri Ambar Arum, Vidia Restiarani, Supadi Supadi
This study aims to determine how much influence the principal’s leadership has on the work discipline of teachers in public high schools in Tanjung Priok District, North Jakarta. This research consists of two variables, namely the principal’s leadership as the X variable and the teacher’s work discipline...
Proceedings Article
Influence of Technological Innovation in Marketing on Consumer Behaviour
S. Dinesh Kumar, K. Soundarapandiyan, S. Meera
With the advancement of information and communication technology in the modern day, there has been a considerable shift in the use of technology in marketing. Technological innovation has fundamentally altered business marketing techniques and had a big impact on consumer behaviour. This study looks...
Proceedings Article
The Influence of Banking Regulation and Board Remuneration on Cost Efficiency of Indonesian Banks
Daffaa Dewa Al-Ghiffari, V. Viverita
This study examines the relationship between bank capital regulation, income diversification, market discipline, and board remuneration on cost efficiency of Indonesia banks during the 2013–2022 period. The sample consists of 77 Indonesian banks registered in Indonesian Financial Service Authority (OJK)...
Proceedings Article
The Application of FiF Oral Training APP to College Students’ Extracurricular Oral English Learning
Yajun Luo, Cong Liu
Based on the Theory of Distributed Cognition, this paper applies FiF Oral Training APP (FiF APP) to college students’ extracurricular oral English learning, and analyzes the feasibility of mobile-learning with smartphone APP in college students’ extracurricular learning. 154 students from 3 classes participated...
Proceedings Article
Identification Metacognitive Failure on Mathematics Problem Solving
Mr. Abd. Rozak, Mr. Subanji, Toto Nusantara, Mr. I Made Sulandra
This aims of this study is to describe the identification process of students' metacognitive failure in solving the mathematical problems. A total 24 students of 3rd semester STKIP PGRI Jombang ask to fulfillment test individually, then fill the questionnaire of metacognitive activity based on the problem-solving...
Proceedings Article
Training Digital Literation by Digital Book Format Electronic Publisher Themes of Climate for Junior High School Students
Siti hidayati, Siti Nurul Hidayati, Siska Vernanda, I W Dasna, Munzil Munzil, S Wonoraharjo
This electronic document is a “live” template and already This study aims to train the digital literacy of seventh-grade junior high school students with electronic books in electronic publisher format. The book used in this study has been validated previously included in the category of very feasible....
Journal: Artery Research
Mini Review
Interaction between the microcirculatory network and the systemic arterial pressure
Jose Vilar, Antony W. Kedra, Jean-Jacques Mourad, Jean-Sébastien Silvestre, Bernard I. Lévy
Pages: 108 - 113
The large arterial system and the microcirculatory network are generally studied as separated entities. We aimed to establish a link between the remodelling of microcirculatory and arterial blood pressure.
Experimental: Pre-hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats SHRs were maintained under hypoxic...
Proceedings Article
The Effect of Financial Literacy on University Student Consumptive Behavior: Case Study on the Economic Faculty of Sriwijaya University
Umar Hamdan, Dian Eka, Samadi W. Bakar, Ahmad Syathiri
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of financial literacy levels on university student consumptive behavior. The definition of financial literacy variable is to have knowledge and beliefs about financial service institutions and financial service products, including features, benefits...
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P2.12 INFLUENCE OF THE CENTRAL TO PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL STIFFNESS GRADIENT ON TIMING AND AMPLITUDE OF WAVE REFLECTIONS
S. Hickson, W. Nichols, I. Wilkinson, C. McEniery
Pages: 109 - 109
Journal: Artery Research
Conference Abstract
P193 CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS, AORTIC STIFFNESS AND PENILE VASCULAR DAMAGE IN PATIENTS WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: RELATION TO LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS AND STATIN THERAPY
Nikolaos Ioakeimidis, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Athanasios Angelis, Dimitrios Terentes- Printzios, Christos Georgakopoulos, Konstantinos Aznaouridis, Iosif Koutagiar, John Skoumas, Skliros, Dimitrios Tousoulis
Pages: 109 - 109
Purpose/Background/Objectives: Aim of the study is to examine the possible differentiation of aortic stiffness, carotid atherosclerosis and penile vascular function among patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) according to cholesterol level and statin therapy.
Methods: We measured carotid intima-media...
Proceedings Article
Nutrient Digestibilities in Rusa Timor (Cervus timorensis de Blainville 1822) Fed on Maize Forage ad libitum Supplemented with Rice Bran and or Gliricidia sepium
M. S. Arifuddin, Damry, M. Mangun, Najamudin, R. Utomo
A study was carried out to investigate nutrient digestibilities in rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) fed on maize forage ad libitum supplemented with rice bran and or Gliricidia sepium. This was done in Palu, Indonesia from June to December 2011 using five male rusa timor with an age range of 1 - 2 years...
Proceedings Article
Fear, Finance, and Festivity: Satirical Storytelling in Integrated Marketing Communication of Danamon’s ‘Financial Fears’ Campaign
Fredericko Zein Kurniawan, Arsa Widitiarsa Utoyo
This study explores the role of satirical storytelling as a persuasive technique in integrated marketing communication, with a focus on Danamon’s “Financial Fears” campaign. Designed around the theme of financial anxiety among millennials and Gen Z in Indonesia, the campaign used horror-inspired visuals...
Proceedings Article
Anthocyanin Extraction from Purple Banggai Yam Skin (Dioscorea alata L) as Acid-Base Bioindicators and Potential in Chemistry Learning
Sayu Komang Oktaviani, Tri Santoso, Anang W. M. Diah, Hockcu Suhanda, Sitti Aminah
Anthocyanins are natural pigments that can give color to plants, including purple banggai yams (Dioscorea alata L). Purple yams contain anthocyanin compounds that are sensitive to pH because they can show color changes in both acidic and alkaline pH, so they have the potential to be used as natural acid-base...
Proceedings Article
The Impact of the 2024 Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) on the Evaluation of the Previous Tourism Law and the Implications of the Enactment of the New Tourism Law in Indonesia
Citra Blanca Octafelina, Khoirunnida Ziyyan Amalia, Mellyana Wahyu Kinanti
Tourism is one of the sectors with significant potential to drive Indonesia’s economic growth. According to Statistics Indonesia (BPS, 2023), the tourism sector contributes nearly 4% to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and generates millions of jobs. However, to fully optimize this potential,...
Series: Advances in Engineering Research
Proceedings Article
Maximum Energy Harvesting Mechanism of Wind Turbine for Remote Island Electricity
Sidiq Budi Perkasa, Mochammad Facta, Iwan Setiawan
The wind energy potential in Indonesia, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), reaches 60.65 GW. The variable characteristics of the wind pose challenges in harnessing wind energy. Therefore, wind turbine systems need to be equipped with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)...
Proceedings Article
Customer Loyalty Analysis of Online Travel Agency App with Customer Satisfaction as A Mediation Variable.
Phima Ruthia Dwikesumasari, Rizka Miladiah Ervianty
In the current era, the internet plays critical roles in people's life. Several activities that used to be done traditionally (offline) have now enter the virtual world. This phenomenon brings a huge change in people's lifestyle who want something has done faster and easier than before. Just like a shopping...
Proceedings Article
Integrating Solid Cutting Simulation And Error Verification For Surface Machining Application
Yu Cheng Hsin, Peng Tsai Jo, Chou Kao Yung
In this paper, a method integrating NC decoding and solid milling simulation to solve this problem is proposed. A modified Z-Map computational algorithm is adopted and it directly uses straight line and arc interpolation algorithms to calculate mesh position and Z coordinates of tool scanning surface...