Proceedings of the 7th Global Conference on Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2022)

Session: Organizational Behavior, Leadership and Human Resource Management

57 articles
Proceedings Article

The Effect of COVID-19 Incentives on Nurses’ Work Motivation in the Emergency Department of Bandung City Regional General Hospital

Debora Marito, Hanna Enita, Ahmad Nurhadi
Considering the critical role of health workers in handling COVID-19 cases, the Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia provides monetary rewards in COVID-19 incentives for health service providers, including nurses who interact directly with COVID-19 patients. The incentives are expected to...
Proceedings Article

A Study on the Merger and Acquisition of Goliath Bank and David Bank

Strategizing Pay-to-Stay Approach and Internal Communication

Haryobimo Arief Alexander, Mone Stepanus Andrias
Merger and acquisition have seemed to be a generally-accepted and expected business strategy for any firm to grow. It does offer a compelling potential for exponential business growth and ROI to the shareholders. It is interesting that up to 70% of the global merger and acquisitions failed miserably....
Proceedings Article

An Analysis on the Effect of Transformational Leadership, AKHLAK as Organizational Culture, and Organizational Climate on Employee Engagement at State Owned Company

Farra Yaneta, A. Rahim Matondang, Iskandarini
This study was conducted to analyze the effect of cultural and structural transformation in the company. This research was a quantitative correlational study to analyze (1) the effect of transformational leadership on employee engagement, (2) the influence of AKHLAK as an organizational culture on employee...
Proceedings Article

Human Capital Advantage Based on Dynamic Capability Through Digital Competency

Lina Marlina, Syamsul Hadi Senen, Tjutju Yuniarsih, Eeng Ahman
This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of human capital based on dynamic capability with digital competency for the creative craft industry in West Java, Indonesia. Most previous studies have applied dynamic capabilities for organizations, but this research reveals the dynamics of capabilities...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Education and Training, as Well as Self-efficacy on Improving the Performance of Civil Servants in Civilized Disaster Management Countries

Ocvita Ellianora Harahap, Yeni Absah, Meilita Triyana Sembiring
The purpose of this study, was to find out and o analyse the effect of education and training on improving the performance of the State Civil Apparatus at the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of Medan city to find out and analyze the effect of self-efficacy on improving the performance of the...
Proceedings Article

Organizational Citizenship Behavior During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Examining the Role of Resilience, Safety Management Practices, Perceived Risk, and Job Insecurity

Firdausa Putri Astrida, Ayu Aprilianti Lizar
This research attempted to understand the effect of workplace safety management practices (WSP), resilience, perceived risk, and job insecurity on Indonesian hotels’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The quantitative method used in this research with online surveys as data collection methods....
Proceedings Article

The Effects of Financial Resources on Executive Remuneration: Evidence from IDX 30 Companies at the Indonesian Stock Exchange

Widayanto Widayanto, Mone S. Andrias
This study aims to examine the impact of financial resources, i.e., assets, revenue, and profit on executive (board of directors and commissioner) remuneration. The data were collected from a listed company on Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016–2020. The listed companies as research samples are those...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Onboarding on Job Performance Through the Mediating Role of Employee Creativity

Nuzulul Ilma, Putri Mega Desiana
The onboarding process has been found to provide long-term benefits to employee productivity. The method has gradually shifted to online, offline, or blended learning. In supporting the adaptation process, companies need human resources who can make changes for new employees who still need much adjustment...
Proceedings Article

Policy Parameters in the Development of Strategic Management of Candidates for the New Autonomous Region of South Tasikmalaya Regency

Demi Hamzah Rahadian, Agus Rahayu, Vanessa Gaffar
This study aims to explain the parameters of the preparation area for the expansion of the southern Tasik region and develop a regional development strategy. Tasikmalaya Regency, as one of the regencies with a large area and population, has many problems related to accessibility and equitable welfare...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Workplace Spirituality on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Mediating Role of Affective Commitment

A Study on FMCG Employees in Jakarta Metropolitan Area

Kanthi Tresnaning Widhi, Putri Mega Desiana
In a dynamic and competitive business environment, extra-work behaviors of the employees are needed to sustain the firm’s performance. There are some extra-work behaviors that bring many positive impacts to individual and firms’ performance, one of which is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)....
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Ethical Leadership and Work Meaningfulness on Performance: Reviewing Work Engagement as a Mediator

Jeffrey Ivan Vincent, Riani Rachmawati
Employee evaluation of managers will provide an assessment of ethical leadership styles because employees work closely with their superiors so that they know the behavior and performance of leaders. The level of work involvement possessed by individuals in a job is an important aspect that affects the...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Recruitment and Selection System on Improving Employee Performance at PT Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero) Medan

Yovita Noor Hidayah Sitanggang, A. Rahim Matondang, Nazaruddin
The recruitment and selection process is a process of finding, selecting, and determining potential employees in accordance with the needs, requirements, and culture of the company. Companies must be meticulous in the procurement of recruitment process activities and selection of prospective employees...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Compensation and Organizational Culture on Palm Oil Employees’ Productivity at Pt. Cakra Daya Sukses, Sekadau – West Kalimantan

Amarullah Salim Harahap, A. Rahim Matondang, Iskandarini
Plantation companies in carrying out their activities cannot be separated from the support of human resources to achieve success because human resources are the main force in the plantation sector in all main lines of work. The resolution of various problems that occur in human resources must be handled...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Innovation and Participation on Employee’s Job Satisfaction with Psychological Ownership as Mediation Variable in Wedding Decoration Business Registered in Associations of Decoration Service Entrepreneurs Indonesia (ASPEDI) in Sumatera Utara

Febriza, Yeni Absah, Rulianda Purnomo Wibowo
This research aims at employees registered with the Associations of Decoration Service Entrepreneurs Indonesia (ASPEDI) in Sumatera Utara. Job satisfaction is a factor that is affected by innovation and employee participation. This study used quantitative methods by distributing questionnaires to 69...
Proceedings Article

Analysis of the Influence of Leadership and Competence on Career Development Through Self-Actualization at PT Bank Perkreditan Rakyat X

Roy Zonatan Siagian, Harmein Nasution, Linda T. Maas
This study aimed to determine the effect of leadership and competence on career development through employee actualization. This study uses primary data from the questionnaires’ results and secondary data from company archive data. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative, which describes...
Proceedings Article

The Implementation of Performance Target Achievement of Pt. Rahmat Tunas Karya Citra Mandiri Padang Sidempuan

Zainal Abidin Nasution
This study aims to describe and analyze performance and determine what factors affect PT. Rahmat Tunas Karya Cipta Mandiri Padang Sidempuan’s employees’ performance. The achievement of performance targets is one of the crucial things in an organization to determine the extent to which the work plan targets...
Proceedings Article

Leadership Challenge in Maintaining the Travel Business During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Ina Veronika Ginting, Rafif Andyka Dzulfiqar, Indriyani Handyastuti, Andri Faskal Tarigan, Melani Angelina, Trizmayanti Putri Nugraha
The leadership of travel agents needs to respond to the crisis of the impact of Covid-19 in maintaining the travel business. This requires the professional ability of the company’s leadership to maintain the business. Some travel agents who can survive are also trying to find strategies to create positive...
Proceedings Article

Explaining Factors that Determine Individual Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction Level at Work: Empirical Study on Working Women in Indonesia

Maureen Olivia, Elok Savitri Pusparini
This study aims to determine the effect of workload and supervisor support on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression with work-life balance as a mediator. The research data was collected using an online questionnaire and found 743 female workers in the Greater Jakarta area with...
Proceedings Article

Resilience and Career Commitment on Millennial Employee: A Moderated Mediation Model of Work Engagement and Role Modelling

Theodora Stefany, Elok Savitri Pusparini
The purpose of this research is to broaden the understanding of how resilience influences employee career commitment in the world of work mediated by work engagement and moderated by role modelling. A quantitative study using an online questionnaire was conducted on 415 millennial generation respondents...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Work Environment and Reward Programs on Turnover Intentions Through Work Loyalty at PT. Metallic Bara Synergy, Jambi

Siti Vania Wildhanie Wallad, Meilita Tryana Sembiring, Vivi Gusrini Ramadani Pohan
This study aims to analyze the influence of Work Environment and Reward Programs on Turnover Intentions through Work Loyalty. The research method used is a quantitative description with Path Analysis in answering the research hypothesis. The population in this study is all employees, with a total of...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Communication, Motivation, and Work Discipline on Employee Performance at Bank ABC Unit Credit Operational Medan

Alif Kurnia Daud, Abdul Rahim Matondong, Linda Tri Murni Maas
Employee performance determines a company’s progress because performance is significant in the organization’s efforts to achieve goals. If employees have good performance, it will undoubtedly benefit the company and vice versa. This study aimed to examine and analyze the effect of communication, motivation,...
Proceedings Article

Deviations in Employee Behaviour While Working from Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period

Ervina Handayani, Budi W. Soetjipto
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed people’s working way, including in Engineering, Construction, and Procurement (EPC), therefore many EPC companies in Indonesia implement work-from-home policies. This research was intended to determine deviations in employee behavior while working from...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Self-Efficacy and Readiness for Change on Employee Performance with Motivation as Intervening Variable (Study on Frontliner Employees at State-Owned Enterprise Bank Branch Offices in North Sumatra)

Ika Sri Hartini, Meilita Tryana Sembiring, Isfenti Sadalia
This study examined the influences of self-efficacy and readiness for change on the performance of employees through motivation. This research was a quantitative study with a path analysis model. The analysis method used was a questionnaire method. As many as 572 frontline employees of Bank X, a State-Owned...
Proceedings Article

Impact of Organizational Commitment and Employee Engagement on Civil Servants’ Performance in Tasikmalaya, West Java

Deddy Mulyana, Eeng Ahman, Rofi Rofaida
This study aims to investigate the impact of organizational commitment, employee engagement, and mental workload on the performance of civil servants in the Tasikmalaya City Government. The study conducted a quantitative approach with the civil servants in the Tasikmalaya government. A total of 115 respondents...
Proceedings Article

The Effects of Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Organizational Support, and Workplace Stress on Turnover Intention

Farid Ramadhan, Yasmine Nasution
This study analyses the effect of emotional intelligence and perceived organizational support on the level of turnover intention with workplace stress as a mediating variable. The samples in this study were 121 employees at an energy company in Indonesia through online questionnaires. The data analysis...
Proceedings Article

Does Transformational Leadership Impact Individual Readiness for Change and Resilience with Psychological Empowerment as Mediator?

Study in Indonesian Construction and Infrastructure Companies

Werdhi Hanartari Mangundjaya, Fanny Martdianty
This study explores the relationship between transformational leadership, individual readiness to change and resilience with psychological empowerment as a mediator. The data collection involves Indonesian Construction and Infrastructure companies’ employees. The method used in this research was structural...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Employee Discipline and Competency on Employee Performance at PT. Prima Indonesia Logistik in Belawan City

Maulana Hanif, Meilita Tryana Sembiring, Beby Karina Fawzeea Sembiring
This research focused on determining and analyzing the influence of Employee Discipline, Competency on Employee’s Performance at PT. Prima Indonesia Logistik in Belawan City. As one of the subsidiaries of PT Pelindo (persero), a Stated-owned Company (BUMN), which is engaged in logistics services operating...
Proceedings Article

Analysis of the Organization’s Climate and Rewards, as well as Effects on Achieving Motivation for Educational Staff at University of Sumatera Utara

Yani Arifiani Lubis, Yeni Absah, Isfenti Sadalia
Education staff are an important factor in assisting with implementing educational activities. Education staff with dedication and high achievements are required to enhance educational services. Based on these considerations, this study intends to analyze the impact of organizational climate and rewards...
Proceedings Article

Examining the Moderating Role of Workload: The Impact of Soft Skill and Transformational Leadership on Frontliner

Agung Khresna Waskito Hutabarat, Elisabet Siahaan, Prihatin Lumbanraja
Employee performance is a very important element in a company’s operational activities, high employee performance will encourage the achievement of company performance which can be assessed from financial or non-financial aspects. In the banking industry, the level of employee performance is assessed...
Proceedings Article

Study of Factor Influencing Work Engagement During Covid-19 Pandemic (Empirical Study on Employees from Various Sectors in Indonesia)

Nisrina Priyandani, Elok Savitri Pusparini
The COVID-19 Pandemic has changed the way people live. Social restrictions caused significant changes to the communication and work methods for employees by implementing a hybrid system in the form of working from home and working from the office. Working online without work-life balance can have a negative...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Work Overload on Job Embeddedness with Quality of Work Life as an Intervening Variable at PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk, Medan Imam Bonjol

Putri Julianti Girsang, Yenny Absah, Ruliandra Purnomo
This study aims to determine whether work overload affects the quality of work life. Does work overload affect job embeddedness? Does the quality of work life affect job embeddedness? Does work overload affect job embeddedness with quality of work life as an intervening variable? The data analysis technique...
Proceedings Article

The Relationship Between Certification, Motivation, and Teacher’s Performance at SMK Swasta Harapan Stabat

Bayu Pancarani Kesuma Negara Dayli, Meilita Tryana Sembiring, Iskandarini
The teacher certification program has been implemented since 2007 after issuing National Education Regulations Nomor 18 Tahun 2007 concerning Teacher Certification. This certification program is implemented to increase teacher competence as professional educators. A certification is a form of recognition...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Organizational Climate and Employee Training on Employee Performance with Innovative Work Behavior as an Intervening Variable in North Sumatera Provincial Manpower Office

Nurul Huda, Iskandarini, Syafrizal Helmi Situmorang
The problem faced by the Nation, especially in North Sumatera, is the difference between the small number of workers and the availability of employment opportunities. Likewise, the welfare of workers and the placement of workers in North Sumatra which has decreased. Therefore, to overcome the challenges...
Proceedings Article

An Analysis of the Role of the North Sumatera Province Communication and Information Office in Handling Hoax Information

Christian Alesi Tamado Pasaribu, Harmein Nasution, Linda Trimurni Maas
Technological developments in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 have had a significant impact on people’s lives. The positive impact is increasing public knowledge of mass media technology and social media via the internet so that information can be easily obtained and accessed quickly. In addition...
Proceedings Article

Digital Transformation: Opportunities or Threats for Civil Servant Career Path

Devi Nafiana, Eeng Ahman, Rofi Rofaida
Limited mobility due to health protocols regarding the Covid-19 pandemic forced every sector to carry out digital transformations within their organizations. Likewise, with the public administration service sector and government bureaucracy, the pandemic has also become a trigger and encouragement for...
Proceedings Article

Analyze the Effect of Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Reward on Improving the Employees’ Performance at Pt. Trakindo Utama Medan Branch

Najla Atika, Prihatin Lumbanraja, Meilita Tryana Sembiring
This study aimed to determine the factors that affect the performance of employees within an organization. These factors include motivation, self-efficacy, and reward. To analyze and explain the effect of motivation, self-efficacy, and reward partially and the effect of motivation, self-efficacy, and...
Proceedings Article

Sustaining Organizational Change Trajectory: The Role of Charismatic Rhetoric Leadership Model Towards Turnover Intention During Organizational Changes

Shanty Herawastuti, Yasmine Nasution
Organizational life has become an inevitable feature of various changes. The COVID-19 Pandemic shows that organizations are forced to be ready to respond and adapt to any unexpected changes when they are abruptly faced with the condition of changing existing operating standards as well as structures....
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Leadership, Motivation, and Compensation on Employee Turnover Intention with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable at Pt Bpr Npb 22 Binjai

Armudin Purba, Prihatin Lumbanraja, Meilita Tryana Sembiring
Employee turnover has a negative impact on the organization, which can be seen from the organization’s instability in terms of workforce and the increase in human resource costs in the form of training costs that have been invested in employees to the cost of recruitment and retraining. This research...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Training on Employability and Its Implications on Employee Performance: A Case Study on Hotel Employees in Bandung

M. Masharyono, S. H. Senen, S. Kevin
This study aims to determine the effect of training on employability and its implications for employee performance. The research method used is quantitative. The unit of analysis is Horison Hotel Bandung employees, with as many as 78 respondents. Data was collected using an online questionnaire (google...
Proceedings Article

Evaluating the Working Performance of Tuberculose Program Managers Study Case in Tasikmalaya, West Java

Abdulah Mubarok Dadang, Syamsul Hadi Senen, Isti Kumalasari
Long treatment and high dropout rates require responsible staff’s commitment to preventing and supervising patients taking medication. This study analyzes the correlation of leadership, motivation, and climate organization on the work performance of Tuberculose (TB) program managers in Tasikmalaya. This...
Proceedings Article

Implementation of Performance Appraisal System in Public Sector: New Line Managers’ Perspective

Indah Fitriana Astuti, Riani Rachmawati
Performance appraisal in an organization is a way to measure the actual achievement of performance compared to targets or goals that are determined regularly. Performance appraisal affects employment prospects, educational possibilities, compensation, and interpersonal interactions. This study employed...
Proceedings Article

Characteristics of Social Networking Sites Users: LinkedIn in Obtaining Career Benefits

Lazuardyna Ulfa Ramadhanty, Elok Savitri Pusparini
This study further explores networking behavior using LinkedIn Social Networking Sites (SNS) related to personal characteristics, specifically Extraversion and Protean Career Orientation traits, in obtaining career benefits. Using a sample that focuses on LinkedIn users in Indonesia aged 25–34 years...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Psychological Capital, Work Stress, and Exchange of Leaders on Work Productivity Mediated by Health Protocol Compliance

Kurniawan Eka Prayudha, Budi W. Soetjipto
The Covid-19 pandemic situation requires employees to implement health protocols in the work environment as a way to reduce the potential for transmission. This study aims to analyze the influence of psychological capital, work stress, and leader-member exchange on employee productivity in the PT KAI...
Proceedings Article

Workload Analysis of Employee Needs at PT. Jamkrindo Medan Branch Office

Dina Harinanda, Meilita Tryana Sembiring, Rulianda Purnomo Wibowo
This study aims to find out how many employees need in each section of PT. Jamkrindo Medan Branch Office. The method used in this study is the Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) method which aims to determine the level of workload on employees and the number of employees needed. Based on the results of measuring...
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Job Insecurity as an Impact of Restructuring of a Merger of Four-Port State-Own Enterprises on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention with Organizational Commitment as an Intervening Variable

Fina Belia Bestari, Iskandarini, Abdillah Arif Nasution
Organizational changes (mergers, downsizing, reorganization, and new technology) will be a source of threat to employees and raises the perception of job insecurity. Extensive restructuring can encourage career plateaus, resulting in decreased performance, commitment, motivation, job satisfaction, and...
Proceedings Article

Workload Analysis in Determining the Number of Employees of the Engineer Division and Development Division at Belawan Container Service Company

Alvin, Nazaruddin, Meilita Tryana Sembiring
The purpose of this research is to analyze the working time of the employees using the Work Sampling method and balance the workload by analyzing the number of employee needs for the engineer division and development division with the Full-Time Equivalent method. The results of this research indicate...
Proceedings Article

Health Communication in the Digital Age in Disease Prevention Efforts Dengue Fever (DB) in Tasikmalya City

Asep Hendra Hendriana, Syamsul Hadi Senen, Rofi Rofaida
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. This disease is an acute febrile disease caused by the dengue virus, which causes headaches, pain in the eyes, muscles, and joints to spontaneous bleeding. The Indonesian Ministry of Health recorded...
Proceedings Article

An Analysis of the Mental Workload on Procurement and General Affairs Department Employees at PTPN IV Directors Office Medan

Master of Management Universitas Sumatera Utara

Yoga Wahyu Priambudi Harahap, Harmein Nasution, Linda Trimurni Maas
Perkebunan Nusantara IV (Persero) is a state-owned enterprise that is engaged in the agro-industry business field. The purpose of this research is to analyze the mental workload of employees and determine the cause of the mental workload with the fishbone diagram method. The population of this study...
Proceedings Article

Analysis of the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance, Trust in Leadership, and Innovative Work Behavior with Work Engagement as a Mediating Variable

Yoga Perdana Hidayat, Yasmine Nasution
This study discusses the role of leaders in controlling the pace of the organization towards the future with the aim of understanding awareness of environmental needs and preparing organizational change strategies. Leaders with a transformational leadership style can strengthen understanding and fairness...
Proceedings Article

The Effects of Workplace Spirituality Toward Public Service Motivation with Employee Well-Being, Organizational Identification, and Workforce Agility as Mediating Variable

Muhammad Hafiz Sidik Pulungan, Fanny Martdianty
Public Sector Organizations played a major role in a country’s policy towards the handling and the recovery of the COVID-19 pandemic impact, making maintaining Public Service Motivation (PSM) would be vital to delivering effective policy. This article examines Public Service Motivation (PSM) and Employee...
Proceedings Article

Relationship Between Employee Discipline and Working Environment in Improving Employee Performance at CV. Rahmad Syariah Swalayan

Adri Yani Lifia, Prihatin Lumbanraja, Meilita Tryana Sembiring
Optimal performance is required to achieve organizational goals because all current corporate activities and policies fully support it. Researchers conducted this study in a supermarket in Padang Sidempuan, North Sumatra. This study was conducted to see whether employee discipline and work environment...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Pedagogic Competence and Self-Efficacy of Knowledge Donating in Sinar Sentosa Education Foundation

Boy Raja Sianturi, Iskandarini, Vivi Rahmadhani Pohan
This study aimed at investigating the effect of pedagogic competence and self-efficacy on knowledge donating. The method used in this research is a survey by distributing questionnaires to 58 teachers who work at the Sinar Sentosa Education Foundation. The result shows that pedagogic competence and self-efficacy...
Proceedings Article

Influence of Social Media Communication on Employee Innovative Work Behavior: Mediating Role of Work Engagement

Hanisa Amalina, Elok Savitri Pusparini
This research aims to examine the influence of social media communication based on two kinds of communication, work-related and non-work-related, on employee innovative work behavior. A quantitative research method was used on 385 employees as samples to achieve the objective of this research. The data...
Proceedings Article

Knowledge Management in Improving the College of Health’s Performance

Tarjuman, Agus Rahayu, Puspo Dewi Dirgantari
Colleges in the field of health have begun to develop knowledge management strategies. They begin to have a good understanding of how to manage and optimize knowledge assets. This study explored various factors that help or hinder competitive advantage through knowledge management in health colleges....
Proceedings Article

The Effect of Work Environment and Work Stress on Perumda Tirtawening Employees Performance Bandung

Syamsul Hadi Senen, N. Ramadhanti, E. Tarmedi, Masharyono, Ridwan Purnama
This study aims to describe the work environment and work stress on employee performance. The design of this study was cross-sectional using a descriptive approach through quantitative methods. The unit of analysis was the employees of Perumda Tirtawening Bandung as many as 133 respondents. A questionnaire...
Proceedings Article

The Influence of Work Discipline, Leadership Style, and Training on Employee Performance at PT Fuji Bijak Prestasi

Chyndi Dwi Putri Kurnia, Mokhamad Anwar
Nothing is static in the corporate environment because everything must change. Changes brought on by dynamic and competitive environmental conditions will be more impactful. The company will struggle to compete with other businesses if it does not have competent human resources to back it up. Analyzing...
Proceedings Article

Increasing Lecturer Performance Through Organizational Citizenship

Ratih Hurriyati, Ana, Afero Ismail, Sulastri, Lisnawati
The purpose of this study is to describe improving the performance of lecturers through organizational citizenship behavior. The methodology in this study uses descriptive analysis with quantitative methods. The object of research is lecturers at education-based universities in Indonesia and Malaysia,...