From the perspective of lean production, this article multi-angle analysis of all-round enterprise potential problems of process management, which include processing, testing, logistics and assembly. It also provides some specific solutions to solve these problems from some aspects, such as shorten work...

The automatic feeding device occupies the irreplaceable position in the development of industrial automation. An automatic feeding device is often required to convey parts to complete a series of processes in a modern production line. But the traditional automatic feeding device has problems of large...

Modern household electronic products design solved those environmental harmful problems caused by unreasonable design from ecological way. Ecological design of household electronic products is to assure the minimum harm to environment in the whole product life cycle, that is to cut down environment harmful...

In order to research the steady-state flow field characteristics of spherical spiral groove aerodynamic bearings, the bearing's lubrication analysis mathematical model is established. Based on CFD technology, and using the FLUENT software of fluid dynamics to analyze the 3D gas film pressure field of...

It is difficult to construct the underground powerhouse in technology, and which also faces other aspects such as higher construction requirement and shorter construction period. If the bridge crane rail can be come into service, the bridge machine will become promptly forces to be put into operation,...

Layered Manufacturing (LM) is emerging as a new technology in recent years that enables the fabrication of three-dimensional heterogeneous objects, Especially Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) whose composition or the microstructure is locally varied to alter the material properties. This paper presents...

Vehicle steering system is an important part of vehicle, once appear, fault creates a great potential safety hazard for the vehicle. Vehicle steering system general malfunction due to use of frequent wear and tear. The right to use the vehicle steering system, master the maintenance method can maximize...

Based on the principle of superposition, the Infinite-length Linear Heat-source Model (ILM) is applied to the analysis of the long-term performance of Ground Heat Exchanger for Ground Source Heat Pump. The existing heat transfer models, including the Infinite-length Linear Heat-source Model (ILM), the...

Dynamics modeling and its Matlab symbol derivation are proposed for serial rigid-flexible manipulators in terms of Lagrange approach, which has the properties of clear structure and standard format. Deformation of flexible link is described by Finite Element Method (FEM), and motion of any node can be...

Facing with limitation of hardware resources and increasingly requirements of processing ability, reconfigurable computing technology has become an inevitable trend in compute-intensive system. Dynamic and Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) is a special feature embedded in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs),...

In this study, a modified car-following model is proposed to suppress the traffic jams. The optimal velocity (OV) function is extended by introducing variable safety headway distance. A comprehensive control scheme is constructed according to the feedback control theory. The stability condition for the...

Wide angle between -45° and +45° incidence 850nm narrow band filter is presented. In this research, an informal dielectric coating narrow band filter is designed. The relationship between the angle of incidence and the central wavelength shift quantificational are solved. The incident angle from -45°...

Vision-based vehicle detection and tracking techniques is of great importance to reduce vehicle collision accidents and increase the driving safety on road. This paper presents a comprehensive review of latest techniques for vehicle detection and tracking. In hypothesis generation of vehicles, motion-based,...

According to the problem of lower prediction accuracy and narrower prediction range for the common prediction method, a new method for surface roughness prediction is putted forward. on the basis of analyzing large simple data, and cloud reasoning prediction model was established. Then the accuracy surface...

Suspension Kinematic is important feature for automobile. This paper focus on space coordinate transform algorithm of Suspension Kinematic parameters. New algorithm for the Suspension Kinematics test bench is based on theory of space vector and coordinate geometry transform. Relative coordinates of specific...

There are some defects with the M7150A grinder grinding, such as, cooling is unsatisfactory, lubrication is poor, axial movement is large. These problems are safety risks in the actual production, and easily lead to bearing burst and machine shutdown. For more than a few problems, the author conducted...

machining error compensation method for Aeronautical thin-walled parts machining process is proposed to improve the processing quality, reduce rework times and improve processing efficiency. Based on the analysis of thin-walled parts processing error sources, the thin-walled parts machining process is...

The residual stress distribution condition of homemade heavy rail U75V are tested by X-ray and impact indentation method. Results shows the stress magnitude order from high to low of heavy rail is the same with two methods: Bottom center, Head middle, Bottom right, Head right, Waist. The relative error...

The fracture causes of fixed frame bole for a B-phase spindle of breakers were discussed based on results of macroscopic inspection, chemical composition analysis, metallurgical microstructure examination, SEM fracture analysis. It was concluded that the screw deformed and cracked under shock load. Suggestions...

The 3D solid modeling technology is the basic of the virtual model in the virtual reality, as well as is the core element of the CAD system. It has quickly become the mainstream of theCAD technology. Computational geometry is to use the computer to transform, synthesize and analyze the physical geometry...

This paper introduces the usage method of the MATLAB optimization toolbox and the application of MATLAB software to solve the problems in mechanical optimal design. By analyzing, the mathematical model of optimum design of the four-bar linkage is proposed, and the optimization design of four-bar linkage...

In High Speed Motorized Spindle for the study, To establish motorized spindle dimensional simplified model In Pro/E and imported in ANSYS Workbench, By setting the related parameters, select the type of grid and division, load and boundary conditions’ computing, Through static analysis and modal analysis...

Hydraulic suspension is a common way to support 900t Tyre Hosting Girder Machine. In this paper, the hydraulic suspension system modeling is established under ADAMS/Hydraulics environment. Dynamics simulation analysis is performed on two kinds of road, Class of B and C. Comparing the displacement and...

Analysis for the dynamic simulation of air suspension, rear suspension of avehicle is selected as the main research object. Related to simplify the vehicle model,the establishment of 1/4 vehicle models in ADAMS. Then according to the passive suspension and air suspension, analysis of the acceleration...

Based on the Solidworks platform, using Visual Basic two development tool,according to the straight shank ball end cutter rake face grinding relationship,establish the simulation machining system, shorten the cycle of design, provide a basis for optimization of grinding parameters for later edge.

The design requirements of brushless DC (BLDC) motor control system are on the increase high with the continuously broaden application fields of it. This paper presents the direct torque control(DTC) drive scheme for BLDC motor. The rationale of DTC for BLDC motor is analyzed and torque error is directly...

To identify the noise sources of truck crane drive axle, noise signal was analysed by improved continuous wavelet transform (ICWT).The results indicate that the noise of the drive axle is directly caused by its surface radiation, which is due to the various dynamic stresses produced by gear meshing....

The thesis have introduced the operating principle of frequency control, analyzed mechanical character, under and above basic frequency proportion of constant voltage-frequency control character, adapted vector control method to frequency control system design, the simulation model of the motor is given,...

Mine hoist disc braking system, by dynamically adjusting the overflow pressure of the electro-hydraulic proportion relief valve, could control the oil pressure of the disc brake to achieve the safety brake of mine hoist equipment. According to the working features of mine hoist brake system, the author...

According to the present situation, this paper have developed a mechanical characteristics on-line monitoring system of vacuum circuit breakers with TMS320F2812 chip from TI Company as the central processing unit. It can work on-line for a long time and can communicate with upper computer by RS-485 which...

PLC is a kind of special order to the industrial control microcomputer system.In order to adapt to the requirement of sequence control,Out the microcomputer some Numbers of PLC function, and strengthen the function of logic control,Is a kind of between relay control and computer control automatic control...

As the core components of high-speed machining center, Electric spindle realizes “zero transmission machine”, the main content of this paper is the response and stability analysis ofcritical speed, unbalance of spindle unit, and the transient excitation system in a variety of response and thetorsional...

The decision of the inflection point is the key to ensure automatic section cutting precision using a boom-type road header. In this paper, cutting precision model was set up for the first time to trapezoidal section and a method determining inflection point is given. Considered the cutting head’ projection...

Driving status recognition, driving route tracking and traffic flow detection application, and so on, are strict with the smartphone orientation. In order to achieve a good performance, we should learn its orientation in advance. In this paper, we propose a new approach to estimate the smartphone orientation...

On account to the restriction of basic ant colony algorithm when the working platform is smaller and the block is approximately the same size as the target, the improved ant colony algorithm is put forward to the path planning of servo mechanical arm. In this paper, the effect of the compartmentalize...

During the design of harvesting machinery chassis, a lot of factors should be considered, such as the standard data, expert experience, design formulas and the components’ 3D models. It is very difficult to use and manage so many kinds of design data reasonably. Accordingly, the knowledge base system...

The main function of corn harvester frame is to bear loads from working parts, such as engine, cab, transmission, chopped header, husking machine. In this paper, three kinds of typical working conditions of corn harvester, namely, driving on uneven road at relatively high speed, braking and unloading,...

This paper aims to numerically investigate the overall cooling efficiency of a closed-loop steam cooling scheme with 3 separated cooling circuits designed for an inlet guide vane. Conjugate heat transfer simulation is carried out with the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The result indicates...

To overcome the disadvantages of the open loop seawater source heat pump (SWHP), a closed loop SWHP system with casted heat exchangers (CHEs) is presented in this paper. Consisting of closed-loop of pipes immersed in seawater, CHEs are devised for extraction or injection of thermal energy from/into the...

To solve the expression difficulties of the basic principle of asynchronous motor, and the faults to understand the relevant knowledge not fully, the asynchronous motor intuitive to express the basic principle of the experiment device was designed by analyzing the existing mechanical structures of asynchronous...

The driving date of hybrid bus which can be represent the city driving cycle is fully collected, the original data is divided into several kinematic sequences according to the velocity information, and the city hybrid bus driving cycle is built by using principal component analysis and cluster analysis....

The nonlinear torsion vibration of the three wire pendulum has been studied in this paper. The differential equation of movement of suspension disc has been obtained by theoretical analysis. The vibration curve and phase diagram have been gained by solving the differential equation numerically. It is...

Micro tool manufacturing technology is the key for guaranteeing the manufacturing accuracy of micro milling cutter. According to the relative motion relationship and the meshing condition between the grinding wheel and the workpiece, the changes of normal vector of the intersection point for the grinding...

The study introduces a new method of microporous boring machining process for high-precision.First,it is difficult to get better surface quality of microporous with micro cutting technology.Second,using again boring processing methods and the reasonable process parameters can improve greatly the quality...

The seat design is based on the functional conversion of the characteristics of people's working as well as the requirement of leisure, which can present a new human-computer interaction in a novel structure form. In this paper, by analyzing the physiological characteristics of human body's posture,...

Since the policy of reform and opening up, China's economic has take-off rapidly. All walks of life has been flourishing, where the automotive industry was particularly notable. Car has changed from luxury goods to a necessity of life. Automotive industry chain is very long, involving a variety of industries,...

This paper study’s the influence of vortex generator on the breakpoint of delta wings detached vortex. Experimental research on the interaction between vortex generator created auxiliary vortex and delta wing's detached vortex is conducted under different flow speed and attack angles. Flow visualization...

CNC grinding machine tools is the parent machine in modern machinery manufacturing, our country’s machine tools is a certain gap with foreign countries, therefore, it is very urgent to improve the reliability of CNC grinding machine. This article is mainly based on data collected in the factory, using...

The elevator has being went into people's life for 158 years. With the development of the society, High-rise buildings appear constantly, the use of the elevator is more frequent. Although the elevator safety devices is relatively complete, but there is no any safety measures within the car. So, once...

The planar 3-RRR compliant mechanism is a piezoelectric (PZT) actuator driven 3DOF parallel micro-motion device. It is widely used in micro-electromechanical systems, biotechnology engineering and aerospace. However, crack easily occurs on flexure hinge because alternate loading over a long period of...

Elliptical front crack has been found to be more accurate and realistic for modeling the surface crack. The stiffness of an elliptical cracked rotor submitted to bending are derived and solved based on fracture mechanics method and multi-parameter fitting technique. “Breathing effect” occurs due to gravity...

The 7-DOF humanoid robotic arm joint coordinate systems are established and link parameters are determined by D-H method, and the robotic arm kinematics model is established. The position and orientation of robotic arm end-effector is generated by homogeneous transform method. Monte Carlo method is proposed...

Many factors of sintering process related to LTCC (Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic) substrate warpage defects. In this paper, the relationship between LTCC sintering process parameters and the substrate warpage defects were studied through the hot - structure coupling finite element simulation method....

In this paper, the temperature, time and pressure of the three process parameters were selected as three control factors of the low temperature co fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate laminating process. By using an L9 (33) orthogonal array which have 9 different process parameters' levels combinations were...

A numerical simulation analysis model of the Metal/LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) substrate vacuum eutectic soldering was built, through the study for the vacuum eutectic soldering process. Then making a thermal-structure coupling analysis for this model to research the residual stress distribution,...

This paper summarizes the working principle of laser particle size analyzer, and some experimental study can be made to monitor the number and size of abrasive particle in the oil of lubricant by the laser particle size analysis method. It obtains the particle size distribution of lubricant’s abrasive...

For the 3D model reconstruction of centrifugal pump inducer based on reverse engineering, the hub and the blade of centrifugal pump inducer are reconstructed respectively according to their structures. This paper firstly introduces the laser scanning method by which the rotary-future based model reconstruction...

Edge rolling is a vital method for width control in rolling. The plastic deformation doesn't go deep into center of the slab, since the high ratio of width to thickness, and only occurs in the edge. Cosine dog-bone model is applied to describe dog-bone shape and used to establish a knematically admissible...

This paper analyzed the structure and mechanical load of the main girder of hoisting machinery, taking the construction hoisting machinery as the breakthrough point, establish finite element model of main girder by ANSYS, analyze the structure natural frequency and strength of the main girder. Then an...

According to the national standard Minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades of commercial refrigerating appliances—Part 1: Refrigerated display cabinets with remote condensing unit and GB/T21001-2007 Refrigerated Display Cabinets, this paper illustrates the design of...

For the cogeneration steam turbine, due to the thermoelectric load changes frequently, which will cause the back pressure instability, and cause sharp fluctuations in temperature and pressure inside the turbine, these fluctuations will affect the normal work of the turbine rotor, even some mechanical...

Parameters optimization research of bow-shape seat structure is done through SolidWorks and ANSYS Workbench build collaborative simulation platform, which is an important part of segmented tire mould. The optimal values of bow-shape seat belt, outer surface length and inner diameter of bottom surface...

In view of the problem of the Electric vehicle, which is in difficulty and reusability in the development with the permanent magnet motor (PMSM) ECU control system, this paper presented a ECU motor control system development method based on automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR). It mainly to...

A multi-function ball screw measuring device is developed, which can achieve most of the parameter testing of ball screw like geometric accuracy, positional accuracy, reverse clearance, speed and acceleration, friction torque, preload, fatigue properties, temperature rise and so on. According to the...

The dynamic characteristic parameters of ball screw includes positioning accuracy, repeat positioning accuracy, speed and acceleration, friction torque, preload, fatigue properties, temperature rise and so on. In this paper, a new multi-function ball screw measuring device is developed. The majority...

According to the existence problems of study on the mechanism of contact stiffness of bolted assembly structure formed by tightening sequence, a TK model of single bolt structure is established; then the frequency characteristics of combined surface under different TS was analyzed by using ANSYS; the...

Adopting SIMPLE algorithm, k- -Ap turbulence model and tetrahedron non-structure grid simulates the flow field of sewerage pump in the Descartes reference frame. Through numerical simulation, flow characteristics and distribution rule of sold particles in sewerage pump are obtained, which supply can...

A new type unmanned surface vehicle (USV) concept is proposed in this paper. Then, the intelligent autonomous vehicle model is designed and fabricated. Self-propelled model test of the new type USV is carried out, which is mainly turning test. According to the turning diameters in various speed and rudder...

The existing processing methods of machining parts with an array of micro-cylinders (The small mold punch and spinneret micro-porous electrode) is circumferential milling which has the following three major problems (1) longer cutting tool path, (2)difficulty of accuracy guarantee, (3) complex processing....

Adaptable-function mechanical products generally demonstrate various degrees of similarity in their behavioral process for different adaptable functions. Analysis and research of this similarity constitutes an important aspect of research for the design of such products. The paper investigates the behavioral...

This paper builds a three-dimensional solid model by Solidworks for study of a large belt conveyor drive roller. The quality of the roller optimized by the zero order algorithm and the optimization target is minimizing quality. Modal analysis of the conveyor roller is carried out in two different cases...

A new method is proposed to analyze the bearing properties of the preloaded oil pad in different compensation method when the hydrostatic turntable tilts. Energy equation and Reynolds equation are coupled and solved in this paper. Results show that the bearing properties of the preloaded oil pad will...

Accurate modeling of spiral bevel gear laid the foundation of the key technology namely Tooth Contact Analysis TCA and correction of the deviation of tooth-surface in its digitized manufacturing. It summarized the related outcomes and divided modeling approaches of the tooth-surface of spiral bevel gear...

The overall structure and the weak zone of a new circular composite fragile cover have been presented. In fabrication of the fragile cover, a particular hand lay-up molding process is proposed. The deflection and failure pressure of the circular composite fragile cover have been experimentally investigated....

The super-high pressure common rail system was designed innovatively for improving the fuel atomization characteristic of high power diesel engine. The three-dimension combustion model of super-high pressure common rail system was constructed on the AVL Fire software platform. The numerical simulation...

Firstly, we created the 3D model of crankshaft used HT-A150 engine in the tractor. Secondly, we cumulated the loads of the crankshaft when it was working at the most dangerous state. At last we conducted stress and strain simulations about the crankshaft manufactured by two sorts of materials by analysis...

The anchor is the core component of vessel mooring system, of which an accurate and efficient control mechanism plays important roles in ensuring the optimal operation conditions. For the limit in reliability and automation, traditional relay logic control is gradually unable to meet the requirement...

In order to determine the parameters of mixing experiment with jet-mixing apparatus, 3 outlet diameters of jet-nozzle d and 5 area ratios m were selected to import the computer based on Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) to simulate the real mixing experiment. The results show that, in the real experiment...

electrostatic spray relatives to non-electrostatic spray has the outstanding advantage in deposite distribution and canopy penetration aspects, which enables droplet moves to the back side of the blade to form the "surround effect." In order to study the impact of distance that nozzle away from the blade...

The fatigue strength problem of multi-deck ship is serious. When in the same external load and nominal stress level, structural fatigue life of the details are closely related to the specific structural forms. Therefore, optimizing the structure of the details could reduce the stress concentration factor...

Currently, water isolated slurry pump has been widely used in non-ferrous metal mines, which to replace the low-lift pump as a new water isolated slurry pump. The water isolated slurry pump consists of high pressure water pump, isolation devices, check valves, water valves, control systems, auxiliary...

This paper studies on optimization design of monorail brake spring, through establishing the mathematical model for optimization design of spring, MATLAB optimization toolbox is used to optimization calculation with examples, to obtain the optimum design parameters. Using optimization design method and...

Random variable of thermo-mechanical coupling (TMC) structure is analyzed first, then the topology optimization model of TMC compliant mechanism is established. According to the uncertainty factors such as temperature, load, volume ratio and thermal expansion coefficient in the process of topology optimization,...

Face classification method and line classification method are employed in manufacturing process classification, which is carried out based on investigation on interchangeable manufacturing processes. A classification draft of standards to manufacturing processes’ classification is proposed, which lays...

The classification of case jig is firstly studied in view of kinematics and mechanism in this paper. The parametrical design of part and their assembly of automobile welding jigs is dealt with. And then the case base of automobile welding jig is constructed, where Group Technology (GT) is applied to...

Short steel fiber composite tire tread rubber can greatly combine rigidity of short steel fiber with flexibility of tire tread rubber, which can considerably improve performance of tire. Tire tread used in heavy load vehicles or engineering vehicles has problems of easily cracking, chunking, chipping,...

Surgeons are trying to achieve higher qualities in minimally invasive operation. With the growth of modern technology, intelligent medical equipments are used to improve operation safety. Milling through the bone tissue wall is a common abnormal milling state in ear surgery, which will do harm to the...

The mechanical equipment especially large key equipment reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety is related to enterprise's production efficiency and people's life and property security, wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to build the mechanical vibration monitoring system can make up...

The application of artificial neural network theory has penetrated into all fields, and in the intelligent control, the development of the neural network computer optimization computing, computer vision and image processing, pattern recognition, continuous speech recognition, data compression, knowledge...

As the main supporting equipment of the fully mechanized coal system, hydraulic bracket bears complex alternating load. The fatigue failure of welded structure as the main part of hydraulic bracket often occurs. In this paper, based on the welded structure of hydraulic bracket, the design methods and...

Aiming at the existence of shear machine hydraulic brake disc friction pair wear quantity, temperature overrun problems couldn't be measured online, research and develop an online intelligent test system, test the temperature of friction pair and wear of hydraulic brake. This paper introduces the structure...

The direct CVD-spun multi-membrane carbon nanotube yarn is mechanically twisted to engineer its structures and to enhance its mechanical properties. Homogenously twisted CNT yarns with a dense cross-section are achieved with different degrees of twisting. The mechanical twisting remarkably increases...

Cement concrete airport pavement frequently damaged in fatigue failure caused under the effect of reciprocating wheel pressure. Repair effect by traditional materials were not effective.In this study, which fiber PVA were used as a reinforcing material, the PVA - ECC airport pavement were tested on test...

This article is devoted of changes of mechanical properties of hot rolled steel as a result of a reducing of rigidity of the rolling stands. From the analysis of studies of hot rolled steel statistically it is shown that as a result of reconstruction the change of stiffness of working stands of rolling...

Since the wind turbine brake is not easy to replace and repair in the high-altitude operations, it requires high reliability and high braking performance. Accordingly, a dynamic model is established for the megawatt wind turbine brake. By simulating and analyzing the braking process, the braking curves...

The fixed clamp should be installed inside the BOP stack for sectional blockage and tubing pulling job. When there is combined string in downhole, it causes inconvenience in replacing slips of different specifications because of pressure in BOP stack. To solve the problems mentioned above, variable diameter...

The elevator being used in field application causes several problems such as low level of mechanization and high intensity of labor. Therefore, electromotion elevator is developed and tested in this paper, which works with mechanized workover equipments. On the base of traditional elevator, the safety...

With the development of society, all kinds of buildings with LED billboards constantly appear. The safety of LED billboards under wind loads is the focus for the public attention because it appears that lots of LED billboards have collapsed in the wind load and have crushed people. It is vital to study...

This paper based on the analysis of precision and ultra-precision machining of the status quo, research on its development of new materials, new technology, machine tools and other aspects. Put forward that China should take a few basic measures, think about the future development of the field.

In prediction of structural wears with the finite element (FE) approach, the geometry of FE model must be updated constantly to imitate the nonlinear wear behaviors which need a great amount of computational time. Improvement of efficiency of wear simulations becomes increasingly important due to the...

This paper presents a modular method to construct the postprocessor system for a novel hybrid parallel-serial five-axis machine tool. A hybrid parallel-serial mathematic model was introduced to analyze the structural configuration. The configuration decomposition of machine tools is employed to create...

To improve the design quality of steering system of the large wheeled harvester in China, an optimization method based on multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is proposed. According to the requirement of how to design and optimize the large wheeled harvester, optimal variables consisting of steering...

Contact force distribution analysis is the foundation of the load-carrying capacity analysis, the drawing of static load-carrying capacity curve, designing and selecting of slewing bearings. The static model of the single-row four point contact ball slewing bearing is established and the contact force...

Large diameter longitudinal welded pipe is the main form of energy transport, and has a wide application in the transportation field of oil and gas. In this paper, crimping forming experiment for large diameter longitudinal welded pipe was introduced, and the relationships between forming stroke, crimping...

The study is focused on the verifications of a proposed polynomial stochastic fatigue crack growth model, which assuming the fatigue crack growth rate equal to a deterministic polynomial function in terms of fatigue crack size multiplied by a stationary lognormal random factor accounting for the statistical...

It is important that product size can be checked quickly and accurately on the production line. The speed and precision are slowed by traditional manual measurement and the speed based on machine vision in the paper is obviously improved. First of all, the collected image is converted into the correct...

This paper uses the casting simulation software ProCAST to simulate the production of steering axle with technology of iron mold coated sand, and corrects the corresponding process by the simulation results. Utilizing the balanced solidification principle, by increasing the number of the ingates and...

Crawling is a common phenomenon during the operation of hydraulic prop. Through analyzing the causes of crawling phenomenon, establishing the dynamic model and mathematical expression of crawling, the result is that when the minimum speed of the pillar stretch motion is higher than the critical speed,...

The wear of the middle trough of coal mine scraper conveyor, is a common fault of scraper conveyor. Starting with the causes of wear by analyzing the structure and the working condition of the chute, it indicates that the friction is the main cause of the chute wear, and abrasive wear, adhesive wear,...